درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study explores the concept of the "subaltern other" in Athol Fugard's Boesman and Lena and Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi's (پیام زن دانا) The Message of a Wise Woman. By examining the racial, gender, and economic dimensions of subaltern identity in the South African and Iranian contexts, it investigates how colonialism and patriarchy shape the experiences of marginalized women. Using a multidisciplinary approach that combines postcolonial theory, feminist criticism, and critical race studies, this research employs a comparative framework to analyze both universal and culturally specific aspects of subaltern experiences.Central to the study is an exploration of marginalized female voices in male-dominated societies and how these voices are both suppressed and subtly resistant. The research also examines narrative strategies, character development, and the linguistic choices made by Fugard and Sa'edi, considering how language functions as both a tool of oppression and a medium of resistance. The authors' positionality and the ethical implications of representing subaltern experiences are also critically analyzed.This study concludes that both works highlight the enduring effects of colonial and patriarchal oppression, while also demonstrating the resilience and agency of their marginalized characters. By analyzing the intersection of race, gender, and class in shaping subaltern identities, this research contributes to postcolonial and feminist scholarship, offering insights into the complexities of subaltern resistance and representation across different cultural contexts.

Iranian painting, in different periods, has been influenced by Persian literature, relying on the power of imagination, and has been transmitting narratives and moral themes. The topic of this research is related to the painting of Ilkhanid and Safavid periods. In the painting of this tow histori period, it is observed that various techniques such as animism and characterization have been used, which often try to depict imaginary and transformed creatures that originate from a folkloric component in anthropology called theromorphism, which is a combination of the body and spirits of animals and humans mixed together with a special and legendary force. Objective: To show the presence and function of the theromorphism component in two faces - human and animal - in the painting of the Ilkhanid and Safavid periods in Iran. Statement of the problem: On what basis and according to which definitions does the use of the theomorphic component create a two-level distinction between humans and animals? Research method: Descriptive-analytical. The collection of materials is based on library studies, articles, and documentary research methods. This study analyzes the methodological and content of Iranian painting works to examine the role and application of the theromorphic component in the creation of human and animal images. Findings: It seems that the author of the text or the painter was aware of the functional role of theomorphism by that time and used it to pursue two goals with moral and psychological dimensions.