درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Grief is a natural and universal response to the loss of a loved one. The grief experience is not a state but a process. Most individuals recover adequately within a year after the loss; however, when individuals experience an extension of the standard grieving process, they are said to be experiencing prolonged grief disorder, thought to result from failure to transition from acute to integrated grief. Therefore, validating tools related to grief in different cultures can provide the ground for measuring its concept by the culture to understand the cultural differences of this structure. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of PG-13-R. Methods: Data were collected from two independent samples of 285 (exploratory factor analysis) and 241 (confirmatory factor analysis) mourning adults to determine whether the findings explored in one sample can be verified in another. Face and content validity were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. Concurrent validity was measured using correlation coefficient calculation with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS.27 and AMOS.26 software. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal components and the Varimax method. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS.26 software. Results: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the two-factor structure with emergent distress, detachment, and meaninglessness factors. These factors had acceptable internal consistency. PG-13-R factors had good convergence validity with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bereavement experience (P< 0.05). Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) was 0.78 for Distress and 0.79 for Detachment and Meaning factor, and 0.87 for the whole scale, indicating good internal consistency Conclusion: PG-13-R is a useful and reliable tool for measuring PGD symptoms in the Iranian population. It is suggested that future studies examine this scale in people who have been bereaved for various reasons, including (death by suicide, sudden death, and death by accident).

One type of literary criticism that has received attention in linguistic studies in the twentieth century is structuralist criticism. Accordingly, in structuralist criticism, we can examine the meaning of each phenomenon as a set of rules and a holistic view. One of the thinkers who developed new approaches in this field with the help of Ferdinand de Saussure's views is Roland Barthes. The result of Barthes' theorizing is the five codes model, which was published in one of his works called S/Z . Barthes’ five codes model is one of the best models that semioticians use to analyze texts and find the meaning of the text. Since the theory of codes can be used to analyze any type of narrative and story, this study attempts to provide information in a library-based manner and with a narratological approach to conduct a descriptive-analytical study of two Quranic stories. In this regard, we use two interpretive works, namely Kashf al-Asrar and Tafsir al-Tabari and several other literary commentaries, to analyze these two stories. This study shows that the general structure of Quranic narratives can be deciphered only by considering the structure of the text itself and without considering external factors, with the help of Roland Barthes' narrative codes. In addition, it was concluded that Quranic interpretation and the five codes both have a common goal. By going through the primary and superficial layers of the text, one can discover the inner meanings and reach the secondary layers of the text.

La présente recherche se penche sur la traduction des éléments socio-culturels véhiculant les affinités et les décalages entre les langues-cultures source et cible, ce qui pose, certainement, des problèmes pour le traducteur. Celui-ci doit les surmonter avant de les transférer dûment vers une autre langue, mais comment et en se basant sur quelles théories de traduction? Afin de trouver des réponses appropriées à ces questions, on a opté pour la traduction du roman California Dream (2018) de Najib Redouane qui regorge d’éléments socio-culturels dont la plupart rentrent dans le domaine de nomenclature. Une fois le texte traduit, on a sélectionné quelques extraits du roman contenant ces éléments en trois catégories: anthroponyme, toponyme et pragmonyme. Une analyse détaillée de la traduction de ces passages a été effectuée pour passer au crible les modalités de leur transmission vers le persan, parcours qui fait état de la méthodologie descriptive-analytique basée sur les théories de Michel Ballard. Selon les résultats de recherche, pour les anthroponymes et les toponymes, le recours à la transcription, à la translittération et aux notes infrapaginales s’avère indispensable afin de respecter le principe d’étrangéité du texte. Quant au transfert des pragmonymes, on a fait usage de l’assimilation phonétique et graphique, de la traduction littérale, de l'incrémentalisation, de l'équivalent culturel et de la substitution.