درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The important role of leadership in management of today's organizations has been emphasized for many years by executives and experts in the field. The role of knowledge in leading organizations is prominent. This study aims to examine the role of the knowledge-Oriented Leadership in market orientation that seeks to achieve innovation. Market orientation (MO) lies at the bottom of modern marketing thinking and practice. Although research has shown that MO contributes to firm performance through innovation implementation, an understanding is lacking on how the dimensions of MO (customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination) may have differential effects on innovation, especially in the sales force context. As a survey research, data were gathered through a structured questionnaire with a sample of 92 executive-level employees employed in ISPs in Mazandaran province. SEM was used to examine the standard error of the estimate and t-values. Findings suggest that knowledge-oriented leadership has a positive effect on innovation implementation by mediating of market orientation. Interestingly, innovative organizational culture was found to have mediated the relationship between Knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation implementation of the ISPs in Mazandaran. Moreover, results indicate that effect of sales force market orientation on sales performance is fully mediated by innovation implementation.

Compétence peu connue de professeurs et d’apprenants, la production orale en continu, qui consiste à s’exprimer d’une manière continue et ininterrompue, est la cinquième compétence de la langue qu’a présentée CECRL, il y a vingt ans. Dans la présente recherche, notre problématique est donc de savoir comment nous pouvons aider les apprenants des instituts en Iran à avoir une meilleure production orale en continu en s’aidant par différentes stratégies surtout les stratégies métacognitives. Notre objectif dans cette recherche est de confirmer la performance effective de l'enseignant de langue comme médiateur dans le transfert pédagogique des stratégies d'apprentissage. Pour ce faire et sachant l’importance de cette compétence dans la communication et surtout son rôle positif et quasi unique dans la création du sens de la confiance en soi chez les apprenants, nous avons effectué notre recherche en trois étapes de pré-test, de séquence d’enseignement des stratégies métacognitives et de post-test et à cet égard, nous avons élaboré un questionnaire contenant 10 questions portant sur les stratégies métacognitives ; les questions ont été formulées par les auteurs de cet article et selon les critères stratégiques du CECRL en production orale en continu ainsi qu’en tenant compte du contexte de l’enseignement de la production orale en continu dans les instituts du FLE en Iran à Téhéran. Le questionnaire, a été d’abord rempli par un groupe d’apprenants de 40 personnes de niveau A2 + à B1, âgés de 25 à 40 ans ; après avoir obtenu les réponses du pré-test, une séquence d’enseignement des stratégies métacognitives a été organisée pour ces 40 apprenants afin de faire appliquer les stratégies métacognitives dans leur production orale en continu. L’analyse des réponses du post-test et les graphiques comparatifs ont confirmé qu’il faut mettre en valeur le rôle de l’apprenant dans le processus de l’apprentissage de la production orale en continu parce que c’est lui qui apprend et personne ne peut le faire à sa place mais on peut l’orienter vers le choix des stratégies métacognitives efficaces pour lui permettre de mieux apprendre à apprendre cette fameuse compétence.

China's foreign policy has undergone a real change since World War II. Since the economic recovery, Beijing has adopted a coherent and clear strategy for all regions, including the Eurasian macro-region. The research question is “what model can be used to analyze China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia and what is Iran's position in this strategy?’’ In response, China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia can be analyzed from the Western point of view according to the Hobbesian realist model, from the Russian point of view according to Locke’s competitive opportunity-threat model, and finally from the Chinese point of view according to the Kantian model of cooperation. The results also show that Iran is increasingly important in China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia, but Chinese pragmatism under the influence of international sanctions has made Turkey and Pakistan the main priorities in the country's strategy in Eurasia. The purpose of this research is to examine the patterns of analysis of China's foreign policy strategy in Eurasia with an emphasis on Iran's position. The method of this research is case adaptation to the theory.

Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was faced with the issue of maritime security against terrorist incidents. Accordingly, it adopted the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) in December 2002 as part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974- as amended) in order to increase maritime security through fulfilling its regulations by Contracting Governments. This Code, entered into force on 1 July 2004, provides a set of regulations for ship and port facility security. The first part of this paper focuses on the introduction and analysis of the key regulations of the ISPS Code. The second part of this paper focuses on the successful practices of two Contracting Governments, namely Malaysia and South Korea. Accordingly, this paper evaluates the enforcement of the regulations of the ISPS Code by concentrating on these two countries in East Asia in order to measure the effectiveness of the Code in enhancing maritime security of these two countries. This paper concludes that to achieve the objectives of the ISPS Code, all Contracting Countries should fully implement its regulations and for achieving a higher standards in maintaining maritime security they are advised to take advantage of the experiences and practices of such successful countries as Malaysia and South Korea in fulfilling the regulations of the ISPS Code. The research method applied in this paper is based on the descriptive - analytical method.