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Objective: This study seeks to validate and standardize the extended version of the knowledge of parenting strategies scale (KOPSS) among Iranian citizens. Methods:  This paper is a descriptive measure validation study, which falls in the category of quantitative research. The statistical population consisted of Iranian parents with children aged 3-12, living together. Thirty parents were selected through convenience sampling and were tested using the Persian KOPSS in order to estimate the standard deviation of the total KOPSS score and obtain the sample size for validation and standardization (n=725). Then, thirty parents were studied at an interval of three weeks to calculate the test-retest reliability. Furthermore, 330 other parents were selected through convenience sampling to measure internal consistency reliability and concurrent criterion validity. To calculate concurrent criterion validity, the Persian KOPSS scores were correlated with the scores of Robinson’s Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). To obtain the standardized scores and percentile ranks of the raw Persian KOPSS scores, an online survey was conducted on 725 eligible parents (including 532 mothers and 193 fathers). Results: The correlation of the total Persian KOPSS-20 score with the PSDQ sub-scales was found to be larger than 0.40 (0.417-0.508). The standardized KOPSS-20 was obtained by converting the raw scores into normed z and T-scores and calculating the percentile ranks of the entire group (n=725). Conclusion: KOPSS-20 was found to yield reproducible and reliable results with satisfactory validity coefficients.

The purpose of this article is to introduce and examine revisionism in the great revolutions of the world. Based on this, with the method of comparative study and in the framework of Gidden's "Structuration" theory, we investigate the interaction of "agency" and "structure" which causes the formation of revisionism in these revolutions. The study of these revolutions shows that the current of revisionism is formed and strengthened when, first, the agency of the people decreases and the agency of those in power increases; Secondly, equality as a construction should be weakened and the construction of power-seeking should be emphasized. In the French Revolution, power-hungry politicians were active, and aristocracy as a common construct led to revisionism. In the Russian Revolution, when monopolism prevailed as the pattern of social communication, a new class took power and a revision of revolutionary ideals and methods took place. The Chinese revolution underwent revisionism when technocrats became agents and developmentism as construction prevailed. The article suggests that in order to reduce the scope of revisionism in revolutionary systems, it is necessary to maintain and strengthen the presence and influence of people in the political scene. In addition, various tools should be used to weaken the structure and pattern of power-seeking among revolutionary politicians.

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality. Encouraging individuals to be more physically active is a crucial strategy for reducing these health risks. In this context, understanding the hidden drivers behind people's mobility preferences is particularly important. Researchers use nudges as a behavioral tool to describe effective motivations in decision-making and choices, which can lead to predictable outcomes without excluding alternative options or relying on financial incentives. Using nudges in real-world conditions to promote physical activity has been the subject of various studies. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the current state and future research directions. To address this gap, this paper utilizes a bibliometric tool to analyze 119 nudge-related studies in the field of physical activity published in Scopus, providing a comprehensive overview of their structure, themes, and conceptual evolution. The analysis showed an increasing trend in research on nudges and physical activity, with a notable number of publications in 2023, especially in the field of medicine. American and European researchers have made substantial contributions, highlighting the importance of both individual and public health in developed nations. The ability of health-oriented tools to promote physical activity has also been emphasized, and some studies have investigated nudge theory in both nutrition and physical activity simultaneously. The results show that the topic of nudges and physical activity is a new interdisciplinary research area with practical implications for public health policy, and there is also considerable potential for further research in this field.