درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Today the world is tackling climate change and simultaneously needs to overcome growing energy security challenges. The transition to renewable energy is known as the key strategy for reducing carbon emissions and ensuring energy security. However, not all countries access the required finance and technologies to successfully and sustainably deploy renewable energy projects. Therefore, they seek to attract foreign investment and technology. A growing number of governments are adopting incentives to compete in this field and create a more favorable investment atmosphere. The granting of investment incentives lies within the realm of national legislation which is susceptible to revocation by the host States. This exposes foreign investors to several risks as no State is bound by its unilateral commitments and the change or withdrawal of pro-foreign investment policies by the host States is a mere exercise of their sovereignty. As International Investment Agreements (IIAs) were primarily drafted to promote and protect cross-border investments against unfair and discriminatory treatments, it is interesting to know their current approach to investment incentives and assess its implications for renewable energy investments. Adopting a qualitative approach, this research aims to clarify this issue by defining investment incentives and shedding new light on the relevant clauses in IIAs that can better contribute to the protection of renewable energy investors’ interests. Findings suggest that harmonizing investment incentives by including them in IIAs has not been on the agenda so far and IIAs seldom contain renewable energy-related incentive provisions. Therefore, this research points out the relevant provisions that can better accommodate the renewable energy investment needs.

Self-reflection as a crucial human activity involves assessing experiences and developing strategies to tackle challenges in language instruction and acquisition. It can be pursued through several methods. This study seeks to implement scenario-based assessment (SBA) model and dialogue journal writing (DJW) in an entire process to examine their impact on enhancing the writing self-reflection strategies of Iranian EFL learners. To achieve this objective, 60 EFL learners were selected through convenience sampling. These participants were then randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group underwent treatment using a SBA model, while the second experimental group followed the requirements of treatment through a DJW model. The control group, on the other hand, received instruction using a traditional teacher-centered method. Both the experimental groups and the control group underwent pre-test and post-test assessments to evaluate their writing performance. The gathered data were analyzed using MANCOVA and the findings revealed that the SBA group outperformed the DJW and control groups in terms of improving their writing self-reflection strategies.This study's results offer more evidence to show the positive impact of using a SBA design on the writing self-reflection skills of Iranian EFL learners as a whole. The study showed that the SBA approach had a greater impact on improving engagement in self-reflection and insight. The findings of this study suggest that SBA can generate higher levels of assistance and function to create a successful pedagogical tool as well as an assessment device for classroom teachers, experts, and parties involved.

The foundation and essence of any government lies in the political power inherent in it, provid-ing legitimacy and credibility to that government, both in its establishment and continuation. In essence, the stronger the political power of a government is with a robust support base, the as-surance of its strength and continuity is more guaranteed. Conversely, if the political power of a government relies on a fragile foundation, it will be prone to instability and lack of sustainabil-ity. Now, the question arises: What is the essence of this support base for any political power? In other words, what is the phenomenon that constitutes the support base of the political power of any ruling entity? In response to this fundamental question, various legal, social, and political doctrines have put forth numerous theories, generally categorized into two forms: governments with popular support and the will of the people (democracy) and governments with transcen-dental support and will (theocracy).

The contemporary history of Iran is deeply intertwined with the problem of the Iranian identi-ty crisis, making it a significant area of study. The main question of this research is: What impact have intellectuals had on the national identity crisis in Iran? This research, using Skinner's hermeneutic method, is conducted on the works and ideas of Hedayat and Shamlou, who are both intellectuals of contemporary history and from two different generations. The presupposition is that intellectual writers have exacerbated the national identity crisis and have had a destructive impact on Iran's national identity in the contemporary era. The results show that Hedayat had a fragmented identity and considered Iran's issues and problems to be a result of superstition born from religion. He believed in a form of extreme archaizing and chal-lenged religious identity in his works. Shamlou, with secular thoughts, opposed what he called "Iranianism" and criticized Iran's cultural roots and symbols. This research not only sheds light on the past but also paves the way for future studies in this area, offering a hopeful outlook on the potential for positive change in Iran's national identity crisis.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of life skills training on distress tolerance, psychological adaptation, and high-risk behaviors among incarcerated women. Methods: This was an applied, experimental study. The study population consisted of incarcerated women in Kerman Central Prison in 2022. Sixty participants exhibiting high-risk behaviors were randomly assigned into an experimental group (30 women) and a control group (30 women). The experimental group received the World Health Organization's (WHO, 1998) ten-session life skills training program, each lasting 90 minutes, while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Both groups were assessed using the Simons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), the Derogatis Psychological Adaptation Scale (1986), and the Rajaee and Shafiei High-Risk Behavior Questionnaire (2011) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS software. Findings: Results indicated that life skills training significantly impacted distress tolerance, psychological adaptation, and high-risk behaviors in incarcerated women (p < .01). Conclusion: Life skills training can be effectively utilized to enhance distress tolerance and psychological adaptation, and to reduce high-risk behaviors.

In our special issue dedicated to Women Studies, I explore various dimensions of women's experiences and contributions across multiple domains. One of the most transformative areas where women have made a significant impact is in the field of family therapy. This article explores "Women’s Advocacy for Social Change through Family Therapy" as a prime example of how feminist principles can drive both individual empowerment and broader societal transformation. The intersection of feminism and family therapy has made significant strides in advocating for women’s rights and promoting social change. By addressing gender inequality, empowering women, and fostering social justice, feminist-informed family therapy has become a powerful tool for transformation. As we celebrate the contributions of women in this field, it is crucial to continue supporting and advancing feminist principles in family therapy practice, research, and training. Through collective efforts and continued advocacy, feminist family therapy stands as a powerful force for social change.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on pregnancy concerns, stress coping schemas, and interpersonal sensitivity in pregnant women with pregnancy anxiety. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test, post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up phase. The statistical population consisted of all pregnant women with pregnancy anxiety at Shaheed Beheshti Women's Hospital in the city of Nowshahr, who scored one standard deviation above the mean and were willing to participate in the therapy sessions. A purposive sampling method was used to calculate a sample size of 75 participants (at least 25 per group). These 75 participants were then randomly assigned to two groups of 25 each (25 in the ACT experimental group and 25 in the control group). The Parker Interpersonal Sensitivity Questionnaire (1989), Wong and colleagues’ Stress Coping Schemas (2006), and Alderdice and Lynn’s Pregnancy Concerns Questionnaire (2011) were distributed among them. As mentioned, after collecting the data from the initial sample, the data were entered into SPSS software version 26. Findings: The results showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy significantly reduced pregnancy concerns (F=68.93, P<0.001), interpersonal sensitivity (F=39.73, P<0.001), and increased stress coping schemas (F=265.90, P<0.001) in pregnant women with pregnancy anxiety. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective on the dimensions of stress coping schemas in the subjects.