درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Iranian traditional architecture has been changed by modernity during the era of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. This led to a combination of residential context and the first modern streets of the capital. In addition, this development creates new residential spaces above commercial functions, challenges traditional values, and responds to residents' activities and interactions. The main goals of the research are, firstly, achieving residential patterns in combination with urban space and, secondly, changing the concept of traditional values in Iran in this era. Residential spaces in the streets of Lalezar, Ala-al-Dawa, and Sani-al-Dowleh and the passageways between them are studied. Four mansions with traditional residential patterns and six modern-style apartments were selected as deliberate case studies. The residential plans are based on field surveys and reports from the cultural heritage ministry. The connectivity, integration, and depth measurement components were conducted using quantitative analysis tools such as E-Graph and DepthMap software, which are space syntax analysis instruments. The comparative assessment led to some changes, such as omitting traditional elements like the courtyard and entrances and altering the nature of some spaces like the living room. The result of research via deductive reasoning explains changes in the qualities of some values in Iranian traditional architecture. These qualities are privacy and hierarchy. The main reasons for these changes are having the balconies in the first floor like the older model but facing the street and locating most spaces in similar depths.

This study conducted a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Arab English-language online newspapers to examine how the Israeli-Lebanese and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts are represented. Employing Fairclough's three-dimensional framework, the research explored the linguistic, discursive, and socio-cultural dimensions of media narratives, integrating framing theory to investigate how these narratives shape public opinion and geopolitical discourse. The study’s design involved the systematic collection and analysis of 50 articles from prominent newspapers such as Al Jazeera English, Al Arabiya English, and Asharq Al-Awsat, selected for their diverse ideological perspectives. The findings revealed distinct ideological framings employed by each outlet, ranging from systemic oppression narratives to calls for regional diplomacy. These narratives are shaped by geopolitical affiliations, cultural identities, and the affordances of digital media, including the role of algorithms and user-generated content. The research highlights how digital tools and social media amplify and polarize discourses, influencing public sentiment and policy debates. By addressing gaps in the literature concerning Arab media’s linguistic strategies and digital affordances, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between language, power, and ideology in conflict representation. Implications extend to both academic discourse and practical applications, providing a framework for policymakers, peacebuilding organizations, and journalists to critically engage with and promote balanced conflict narratives. This interdisciplinary approach underscores the evolving role of digital media in shaping political realities, offering a nuanced lens for future research on conflict discourse.

This study aims to explore the strategies Indonesian students employ in writing comparative Indonesian-English literary criticism within the context of EFL students. A qualitative approach was utilized, and data collection techniques included questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis technique used the identification, classification, reduction, and exposure stages. This study used four phases, namely the screening phase, the reading process phase, the interpretation phase, and the reflection phase. The results showed that in the screening phase, 14.1% of participants expressed a liking for English, while 85.9% remained neutral; the mean score of English obtained by the participants was 45.1% very good, 45.1% good, 8.5% sufficient, 1.3% insufficient; and regarding the English courses attended by participants, 62% never attended, and 38% had taken English courses. In the reading process phase, 74% of the participants searched for translated novels on Google, 7% translated English novels using Google Translate, 3.5% engaged in skimmed reading, 2.5% translated English novels using translators, and other reading strategies were below 3%. Participants who responded with ‘loved’ were 71%, participants who responded with ‘liked’ were 19%, participants who responded with ‘neutral’ were 7%, and those who responded with ‘disliked’ were 3%.