درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The aim of the current research was the pathology of the virtual evaluation system in the elementary school. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of survey type. The population of this research included all primary school teachers in Miandoab city in the academic year of 2019-1400. Using proportional stratified random sampling method and using Morgan and Karjesi table, the sample size of 201 teachers was determined. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and professors of the Department of Educational Sciences. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation, variance, etc.) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test) were used to analyze the data. The data was analyzed using spss22 software. The results of the research indicated that the items (attention to the correlation of evaluation methods with general goals and behavior, the level of student readiness to enter electronic courses in evaluation, the way the teacher interacts with managers, other teachers, staff and knowledge students in the evaluation of the virtual environment, the level of knowledge and skills in the evaluation of virtual education) are management aspects in the pathology of virtual evaluation of the primary course; and cases (the need for hardware and software and web browsers in evaluation; the possibility of adding evaluation methods by the teacher; taking advantage of digital media and resources in evaluation; adapting the technological architecture to the evaluation schedule of the course; using educational tools for student evaluation; use of technical standards to share questions, assignments and feedback in evaluation) are the aspects of electronic technology in the pathology of virtual evaluation of the primary course; and issues (the extent of using inter-curricular questions for self-testing and encouraging content learning in evaluation; paying attention to setting the structure of each lesson and dividing it into sections of introduction, content, assignments and evaluation; integrating curriculum and electronic environment tools in virtual education in evaluation; the degree of participation of students' knowledge in the learning process in evaluation;

Appraisal theory has provided researchers with a powerful analytical tool to explore how language users express their feelings, attitude and judgments in texts. The present study was conducted to explore the use of appraisals in Persian recounts with a focus on the attitude subsystem. Forty-eight online recounts were selected (22 female writers and 26 male writers). The analysis was conducted two times at a one-week interval using the UAM corpus tool software. The results indicated that women generally used more attitude resources in their recounts compared to men and they also used more affect than men, both men and women encoded their evaluation more explicitly rather than implicitly, and in both types of recounts, attitude subsystems appeared in a special order in terms of frequency. In conclusion, predominant use of attitude in Persian recounts can be considered as evidence of effectiveness and applicability of the appraisal theory.

The emergence of the Safavids initiated considerable cultural and religious phenomena in Iran. The establishment of 12 Imam Shiism influenced all aspects of the Safavid society. One of the affected fields was historiography, which completely changed the previous Safavid approaches in historiography. This change was not evident in the writing style of the works but in the dominance of historians' religious interests leading to new features emerging in the historiography of this period. It seeks to introduce these features, which are often unique to the historiography of the Safavid era analytically, by counting the most important content features of the historical sources. This article is extracted from the main features of Safavid historiography through library data and descriptive-analytical methods.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES:   This article explores the ethics of political leaders in “Nahj al-Balagha,” a collection of sayings, letters, and sermons attributed to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib , the first imam of the Shiites and the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam, as well as a prominent leader of the historical period of Islam. Over the centuries, “Nahj al-Balagha” has become an integral source of Muslim literature, and its content is actively studied for ethical and political lessons. This research aims to analyze the ethical principles and norms embedded in “Nahj al-Balagha,” with a focus on the role of political leaders.METHOD & FINDING:  The research is conducted through qualitative analysis of the texts in “Nahj al-Balagha” using methods such as thematic analysis, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The texts are systematically examined to identify explicit and implicit ethical principles, as well as examples and scenarios related to political ethics. Contextual data is utilized for a more comprehensive understanding of the philosophy and ethics embedded in “Nahj al-Balagha.”CONCLUSION:  It is expected that the results of this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of the ethical values that political leaders should adhere to according to “Nahj al-Balagha.” The study encompasses several key aspects, such as justice, honesty, compassion, conscience, governance, and leadership. The ethical expectations of leaders are presented in three contexts: subordinates, the general population, and their adversaries. By analyzing the texts of “Nahj al-Balagha” related to political matters and leadership, this work seeks to determine which ethical principles are deemed important for political leaders and how these principles may influence their behavior and decision-making.