درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In financial markets such as Tehran Stock Exchange, P/E coefficient, which is one of the most well-known instruments for evaluating stock prices in financial markets, is considered necessary for shareholders, investors, analysts and corporate executives. P/E is used as an important indicator in investment decisions. In this research, harmony search metaheuristic algorithm is used to select optimal variables affecting P/E and then, modelling is done through multivariate regression based on panel data. For this purpose, a sample of 87 companies has been selected from listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange during a 10-year period (2006-2015). The results indicate the effect of the variables of stock returns, stock price to book value ratio, price to net selling ratio, return on assets, earnings per share, market value to book value, money volume, operating return margin, return on capital, and current assets, as top ten variables, on P/E ratio, which estimates a total of 86% of the P/E ratio changes.

The major objective of this experimental research was to assess the differences between two varieties of focus on form instruction, namely proactive and reactive across multimodal vs. traditional input settings in both comprehension and production of modal auxiliaries. The participants of the study were 75 Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) high school students at the elementary level in three classes. The students in each class took part in a pre-test including both comprehension and production items. Then, they were randomly exposed to one of the three types of grammar instruction, i.e. proactive focus on form in which students were exposed to multimodal input through preplanned techniques of input enhancement and input flood, reactive focus on form in which the tasks occurred in multimodal episodes including negotiation and correction by the instructor through recasts, clarification requests, and repetition techniques. Lastly, in the control group, the students were provided with a pamphlet and their teacher’s explanations. The post-test was then administered to the three groups, and the results were analyzed by conducting a one-way-analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) which revealed a significant difference among these three groups. The results showed that the proactive group outperformed the reactive and control groups both in the comprehension and production of modal auxiliaries. At the end of the experiment, a brief survey which was accomplished through an interview revealed that the majority of the students highly favored PowerPoint presentations, teacher's explanations, and video clips respectively.

Nowadays, enhancing the aspects of tourism industry is considering as one of the most important pillars of countries financial improvement. While urban spaces in different cities of Iran have wide verity of cultural and historical attractions which can attract considerable number of tourists to these cities, they have not meet special needs of tourists and as an obvious result these attractions could not play their key role in approaching to economical sustainability. One of the most important urban tourism attractions is historical pedestrian paths, which can have significant effect in enhancing tourists’ embracement of visiting path’s surrounded attractions if their qualities are improved. In this essay, the pedestrian paths’ qualities are introduced and "security and safety" and "readability" qualities are selected as the most important urban qualities in eliminating these paths from “must-see list” for tourist thorough analyzing questionaries’ data. Then, as the role of different urban maps (on-line, off-line and printed maps) in improving readability and safety qualities have been proved, the efficiency of these maps evaluated and their weakness and strength points investigated.