درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Il ne serait pas abusif de dire que toute la poésie de Char est le lieu d’un grand conflit entre ouverture et clôture. En effet il y a toujours chez Char un grand désir de partir et de changement perpétuel et une grande tendance à revenir sur le lieu inaugural, pour ne pas y demeurer, mais pour en profiter comme un point d’appui qui prépare mieux une réserve d’énergie pour le sujet qui cherche à s’ouvrir sur les possibilités différentes de l’être. Le sujet charien ne cède jamais aux capiteuses séductions de la tendresse de la clôture protectrice, par contre il se rend constamment disponible pour un renouvellement perpétuel. En d’autres termes il préfère le risque de partir à la léthargie de demeurer. Cet article a pour objectif principal de répondre à cette question que dans la poésie de Char quelles images poétiques métaphorisent ces deux tendances contradictoires, à savoir, le désir de partir, et l’attraction des origines protectrices qui amoindrit en nous le désir de renaitre de temps à l’autre.

Acquiring vocabulary, as a significant and challenging part of language learning process, has always been consistent with reading. In this study, the researchers examined the effect of enhanced extensive reading on EFL learners’ incidental acquisition of English vocabulary, with specific focus on phrasal verbs. Twenty five homogenized participants were selected and divided into two groups of A (experimental group) and B (control group), with 12 and 13 students in each group respectively (N=25). The experimental group received enhanced extensive reading instruction, while the control group received unenhanced extensive reading instruction. After administering a pre-test and a post-test, collecting data and statistical analysis, the results revealed that the learners who received enhanced extensive reading outperformed the ones who received unenhanced extensive reading instruction.

George James Frazer (1854-1941), the spiritual father of myth-ritual school, was bred up in the British tradition of empiricism. Believing in the evolutionary process of culture, Frazer mainly focused his attention on explaining such epistemic forms of thought as magic, religion and science. Accordingly, while interpreting the processes through which magic leads to religion and finally evolves into science, Frazer noticed the importance of myth and ritual and their position in this process. However, most researchers regard his reasoning in this regard as incoherent and variable. Thus, in this article, the author tries to reconsider the methodology and axioms on which Frazer relies as well as to make clear the position of myth in his anthropological system. The author believes that Frazer’s dual viewpoint about myth’s position results in no way from the attributed incoherency of his thoughts, but in fact his contemplations on intermediate levels, which make possible going from one stage to the other, provides him with an adequate explanation of the position of myth and its relation to ritual. In the end, it is revealed that Frazer thinks of myth as posterior to ritual in the first intermediate level, while prior to ritual in the second intermediate level. Accordingly, analyzing the validity of Frazer’s reasoning as well as his methodological and epistemic viewpoints, the author has put forth a couple of critical suggestion

The depth and extension of Iran’s controversial connections with its proxies have caught eyes and thoughts. While much ink has been spilled to Iran's regional policy, the majority of these analyses, either intuitively or deliberately, build their explanation on the so-called ‘Persian-Shia offensive intentions’. Conversely, the present paper seeks the roots of Iran's regional policy in its specific geography and history. From this perspective, Iran’s regional policy is inseparable from its geopolitical strategies. To shed light on these strategies, the paper begins with the rise of the Persian Achaemenes until the establishment of the Islamic Republic, focusing on major driving forces behind Iran’s regional policy and strategies. The paper elaborates on a foundational concept of ‘strategic loneliness’, as Iran’s permanent feature, by highlighting the country’s curse of geography and its long-standing historical insecurity. In following, it shows the consequential impact of Iran’s strategic loneliness for the country’s non-state foreign policymaking strategic connections with military non-state actors—in the containment of its regional enemies. The paper ultimately argues that while this policy has kept Iran’s national integrity and security while entrapped the country in a durable ‘geopolitical predicament’ and deepened regional crisis in the Middle East.