درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The upcoming article examines the relationship between the political participation index and the responsiveness and efficiency of government institutions. The independent variable is both formal and informal political participation, and the dependent variable is the responsive-ness and efficiency of government institutions. Research Method: The method employed in the article is quantitative, using a questionnaire as the tool. The research population consists of individuals aged 18 to 65 residing in the city of Kermanshah. According to the latest census, there were 952,287 people in this population. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 384 individuals was selected, and the relationship and ratio between the independent and dependent variables were assessed using multiple regression analysis. Research Findings: The results indicate that both formal and informal political participation have a significant impact on im-proving the performance of government institutions. With an increase in the level of participation, the responsiveness and efficiency of government institutions will also improve. The research findings suggest that the average level of formal and informal political participation in Kermanshah is not at a desirable level. The obtained average scores regarding the performance of government institutions (responsiveness and efficiency) also have a low level. Additionally, the formal political participation variable has a greater impact compared to informal political participation.

Considering the effects of public urban spaces on social interaction and participation, this study aimed to provide guidelines for designing public urban spaces to enhance social interaction and trust in urban spaces. In this research, a quantitative-qualitative research method is applied. Furthermore, the Delphi method was utilized for data collection to construct a content table and questionnaires. Randomized cluster sampling was implemented. The data underwent evaluation using SPSS, employing R factor analysis to generate an analytical model in Amos. The research findings suggest that physical attributes of the space, encompassing sociability, spatial diversity, flexibility, physical comfort, social trust and interaction, pedestrian accessibility, ease of navigation, and psychological comfort, significantly influence alterations in social interaction and trust within public urban spaces. The results demonstrate that social, physical, design, and psychological environmental characteristics in urban spaces establish the requisite conditions for enhancing socialization and pedestrian access, thereby fostering trust and social participation

The relationship between Iran and European countries dates back centuries, rooted in a long history of interaction shaped by mutual interests and shifting geopolitical contexts. Given this deep historical background and their unique strategic circumstances, both parties remain vital to one another. The evolving landscape of opportunities and threats in Tehran–Brussels relations has led both Iran and the European Union to consistently reassess their bilateral ties. In this context, Iran and the EU take into account Europe's economic, political, and security capabilities, alongside the broader trajectory of their longstanding relationship. A critical turning point in these relations has been the European Union's strategic shift from a normative approach—grounded in the promotion of values such as human rights and democracy—towards a more security-oriented posture. This transformation has significantly influenced the nature of Iran–EU engagement. This article addresses the central question: Why has the EU's strategy toward Iran shifted between 1993 and 2024? To answer this, the study adopts a comprehensive approach, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Neorealism and Constructivism. It argues that while the European Union has historically positioned itself as a normative power—basing its external actions on shared European values—external pressures, including the 2008 financial crisis, migration flows, and the rise of right-wing populism, have increasingly pushed the EU toward prioritizing security concerns. The research employs a qualitative methodology to analyze this shift, offering insights into how structural and ideational factors have shaped the EU's evolving stance toward Iran.