درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Given more than seven thousand years of urbanization and highly diverse topographic and geographical conditions, Iran is one of the treasures through the world's architectural history. Climatic diversity, on the one hand, and long history of living, on the other hand, has led to noteworthy and valuable achievement in architecture and urbanization within this country. However, these elements are less utilized in today architecture. Urban life, technological advances and excessive economical demands have extremely made people apart from the nature and formed their mind within an iterative mechanized order. Furthermore, human being is a part of nature and his/ her close relationship to the nature provides him/her with survival and longevity. In Iranian houses, a space indicating relationship between human and nature is courtyard. Central courtyards within vernacular houses in Yazd provided inhabitants with terrific living conditions and enhanced their living quality by utilizing natural elements such as water, wind, light, and plants. Today, due to providing more houses regardless of their quality, not only are natural elements ignored in human life; but also in many cases, buildings do not have essential features of living. This paper attempts to explore how to create and enter natural elements in apartments. This paper aims to investigate natural elements on vernacular houses in Yazd. A descriptive, analytic methodology along with a case study (vernacular houses in Yazd) were employed and data was collected through library and field research.

Looking at the role of climate in indigenous settlements of Gilan, which are formed based on the Uniformitarianism principles for the environmental comfort of residents in the basic body, and stability and compromise with the natural factors, as a basic and immutable principle over time has created various species in its context based on the needs and availability of basic infrastructure. Gilan's Western plains, as a geographic split of microclimate (mild and wet), which has its own unique characteristics, in formation of variable species, according to the needs of households, in terms of population growth and vernacular materials, which is associated with the formation of a space with sustainable self-sufficiency for local residents, and in addition to optimal locating is appropriate in terms of orientation and e building elongation. Accordingly, the comparison between variable species in a microclimate (plain geography) with its own unique features will be obtained as separated assessments from body to climate framework, with deductive components which can form a native settlement, through field work on sustainable buildings in plain villages and functional analysis of samples, attached to professional population of Housing Foundation, which have special knowledge of the characteristics of rural housing related to rehabilitation and re-run today's models. Therefore, providing transparent assumptions on the challenges and principled solutions through questionnaires with derivatives percent available for population, has managed to improve the quality of the results of this study.

Iran has an arid climate which characterized by long, hot, dry summers and short, cool winters. Therefore, sunlight and its heating effects were important factors of Iranian architecture and gardens structural design. Textures and shapes were selected by architects to harness the light and supply a shadow in the summer. Water is very important in this climate, both in the architectural design and longevity of gardens. In addition to water, the plants in Iran had been particularly significant. In ancient civilization of Iran, plants have had special position. Supernatural powers that had been in trees such as life-giving, young giving, productivity and Immortality made them sacred for Ancient Iranian people. However, attending to supernatural power of plants was the importance reason that people regarded to plants and made some symbols such as “Life Tree” has income. In Zoroastrian religion books, more values have said about Supernatural cost of plants. Plants have a special value in Zoroastrian Fire Temples, religious ceremony and routine life. Therefore, garden and gardening were sacred for Iranian. The term Zoroastrianism is, in general usage, essentially synonymous with Mazdaism, have discovered dependent on Achaemenids Empire (559–330 BC) and there were in Pasargad. In the Islam tradition the garden as Paradise is, perhaps, even stronger, since the Quran (the central religious text of Islam) describes Heaven as a garden. Islam was spread to the Persians, and reciprocally the Muslims adopted the Persian style of garden. Therefore garden has been invaluable to Iranians. Persian Garden includes some types which one them is Garden City. Isfahan as the Capital of Safavid Dynasty has designed as a big garden according garden city model. Therefore, some solutions have used in urban design regarding Isfahan's arid climate. Safavid government followed the realization of cities ideal that rooted in Islamic beliefs and opinions. The investigations in historical perspective of Safavid cities indicates the importance of cities as the place for presence of symbols and signs. The Symbols which has remind as the ideological concepts, power of dominating government and also getting identity to the city. During the history of Safavid urban design, there were some direct and wide streets (Charbagh) which were the main factors of development and improvement of cities among urban functional and symbolic elements. In historical background of Isfahan garden city is pointed to construction of street (Charbagh) which has attracted the European tourists attention and it will investigate in this article. Initial section of this article is allocated to explain about historical background of Isfahan city in Safavid era and also Charbagh Street. Then this paper with emphasis on some historical documents and analytical studies, compares the Isfahan Charbagh Street with its similar sample in France (Champs-Elysées Street). The conclusion of this article indicates the similarity of Isfahan Charbagh Street and Champs-Elysées Street in some skeletal specifications and the way of formation. French Boulevards were constructed after Isfahan Charbagh in terms of time and they were formed after publishing itineraries and pictures of tourists from this place in Europe .

The main purpose in this research is A Study on Socioeconomic status Effects on Private Universities Architecture Students’ Educational Motivation. Since students could have a great role in reconstructing and improving the society through proper planning, studying students’ issues and their attitudes toward higher education with an insight of internal motivation and talents is among the main duties for higher education programmers. Considering the issue significance, the following research tries to study socioeconomic status effects on private universities architecture students’ educational motivation. Using the determining factors in students’ socioeconomic status, the research studies the relation between this status and students’ major, educational motivation, motivations in entering private universities and their job prospects. The statistical society for this research included 12 public and private universities and 306individuals were selected to answer the research questions through stratified random sampling. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square) were used. Results suggest that there is a significant relation between university type and major on the one hand and students’ socioeconomic status. But there is no significant relation between educational motivation and job prospective with students’ socioeconomic status.

Basically, relationship of the interior and exterior spaces of architecture, also, the relationship is always an indication of the architecture type. Corbusier believed that all historical background of the architecture just focus on osmium of the wall. Size of the opened space is an indication of its correlation with the adjacent environment; namely, entrance is a combination of differently structured spaces rather than just an opening and “Porch” is one of the mentioned elements of the Iranian architecture. It is multifunctional; the porch separates the entrance from the corridor and the courtyard; it is an independent space including stone benches for seating and social interactions. This paper is defining the porch, to know why and how the independent element is developed in Iranian residential architecture. The porch is analyzed for its function and form; some concepts are discussed in the process of porch development including: privacy, climate, joint and so forth.