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Sports are generally competitive and stressful. Competitive sport anxiety in athletes affects sports self-efficacy. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of competitive anxiety and mindfulness with sports self-efficacy of male athletes mediated by family cohesion. The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study covered all male athletes in Masjed Soleyman, Iran in 2021, and a sample of 258 athletes was selected using convenience sampling. The research tools included the Sports Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Competitive Sports Anxiety Questionnaire, the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport, and the Family Cohesion Questionnaire. The proposed model was evaluated using path analysis, and indirect correlations were tested with bootstrapping. The results suggested that all direct paths to sport self-efficacy were significant except athletic mindfulness (p<0.01), and indirect paths to sports self-efficacy became significant through family cohesion (p<0.01). According to the results of this study, the proposed model had good fitness and was a major step toward recognizing the factors affecting sports self-efficacy in male athletes as it can be helpful in designing effective plans to reduce males' experienced tension and improve their sports self-efficacy.

Purpose:  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is on the rise in recent years especially in Iran. Although there has been much progress in MS treatment, there is no definitive cure for it. Considering high prices of prescription drugs and their serious side effects as well as, impact of this illness on function efficiency of individuals, it seems that exercise training is one of the effective, cheap, and without side effects methods, in improvement of the performance of MS patients. In this regard, the present study aimed to provide comprehensive information on the background and the latest studies conducted to evaluate the effect of various exercise trainings (resistance, aerobic, core stability, Pilates, and combined) on this disease.  Methods :  An electronic search from 1994 to 2022 was performed in the Magiran, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases to find published articles. The keywords were multiple sclerosis, physical activity, exercise, training, aerobics, resistance, combined, core stability and Pilates. Different articles were selected and reviewed according to relation with subject. Results: The results indicated that various exercise training with different duration, intensity, and frequency cause different adaptations in people. Furthermore, regular continuous combined exercise training can be more effective than one type of exercise training in improvement and reduction of the symptoms of MS disease. The mechanism of improvement in combined exercise training can be justified due to the benefits of concurrent use of two or more types of training protocols. Conclusions: It can be said that the combined use of exercise trainings is the most useful and effective method for these patients. However, more studies on the best combination of exercise trainings for MS patients should be done in the future.

Background and objective: this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity of retired male teachers of Samen city. Materials and methods: The statistical population of this study included the retired male teachers of Samen city. From the statistical population Using random sampling method, 55 retired teachers were selected as sample. The physical activity level of the subjects was done through the Beck questionnaire. The research measurements included determining body weight, height, body mass index, and determining some risk factors for coronary heart disease, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fasting blood glucose (FBG). For data analysis, appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics methods including Kolmogorov Smirnov test and Pearson correlation were used at a significance level of 0.05. Result: After examination, the results of this study showed that there was a negative and significant correlation between the level of physical activity with FBG, TC, LDL and a positive and significant correlation with HDL. While, there was no significant relationship between physical activity level and triglyceride level. Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable situation of cardiovascular risk factors in elderly men, and considering the positive effect of physical activity and exercise in reducing these factors, it is necessary to take measures to emphasize regular exercise programs and improve their health.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of aerobic, resistance and combination training on serum levels of irizin, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and some cardiovascular risk factors in inactive overweight men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 inactive overweight men participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic training, resistance training, combination training and control. Serum levels of irizin, AIP and lipid profile of subjects were measured before and after eight weeks of exercise. Results : After eight weeks of exercise intervention, irizin levels increased significantly in all three experimental groups (P <0.05). Also, AIP decreased significantly in all three training groups (P <0.05). On the other hand, in examining the differences between groups, a significant difference was observed between the groups in AIP and irisin (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of exercise training can possibly cause favorable changes in plasma irisin and biochemical parameters of the blood in overweight people. Also, combined training seems to have more favorable effects than other training methods.

Purpose: The aim of this study was compares the effects of 10 weeks High Intensity Interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity aerobic training (MIAT) on serum levels of homocysteine and some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight inactive men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, nineteen overweight men voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided to 2 Groups: High Intensity Interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity aerobic training (MIAT). Subjects performed training programs for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The levels of homocysteine and lipid profile were measured before and after 10 weeks of training programs. For statistical data analysis, independent and paired t tests were used and considered significant at a p≤0.05.   Results: The results of this study showed that both High Intensity Interval training and moderate intensity aerobic training caused a significant reduction of homocysteine levels (P≤0.05). After 10 weeks of high -intensity periodic exercise, cholesterol levels (p = 0.001), LDL (p = 0.002) decreased significantly and HDL levels were significantly increased (p = 0.001), In MIAT training group, only a significant reduction in cholesterol was found (P=0.006). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that both High Intensity Interval training and moderate intensity aerobic training have favorable effects in reducing body weight and some cardiovascular risk factors.

Propose: The thyroid hormones (T3, TSH, T4, and FT4) play a role in energy balance and regulation of energy expenditure. The aim present study to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic training on thyroid hormone levels in inactive girls. Method: A total 30 inactive girls students were randomly selected and divided to training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The training group doing research protocol for four week (three session per week of 70% maximal heart rate), also the control group was not intervened during the study. However, elevation anthropometric index before protocol training study. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. For analysis data used T-test at significant level p<0.05. Results: Results showed a significant reduction of T3 (P<0.05), but no significant change were observed at T4, TSH, FT4 levels after training (P˃0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed that moderate aerobic training of 70% maximal heart rate have minimum effect on thyroid hormones in inactive adolescent girls.

Football stadiums are the main infrastructures of this popular sport in the society. The purpose of this study is to provide a Pattern for cultural promotion in football fans in stadiums in Iran, which was done by qualitative research method and using grounded theory approach. Through snowball sampling and by conducting 21 semi-structured interviews with university professors and experts in football and culture theoretical saturation was achieved. The results of data analysis in 3 stages of open-coding, axial-coding and selective coding indicate 28 categories that these findings are within the framework of the final model including: Hooliganism, behavioral factors, media, managerial challenges, infrastructural factors and Juridical and legal as causal factors; the nature of football, advocacy and government actions and policy making as context factors; Celebrities, social contexts, economic conditions, Trends and interest, cultural and social and technology as an intervener; manpower, education and training, media, cyberspace, structural strategies and Infrastructural strategies as appropriate ways to promote the level of culture in football fans in stadiums as strategies. According to the proposed pattern, promoting the cultural level of the spectators, marketing development, Exercise promotion, financial development, social progress, the growth of moral security and growth of behavioral security in Iran can be mentioned as positive consequences of promoting cultural levels in football fan in stadiums.

The present research aims to investigate the effect of massage on fatigue and mood in female rowers. Pre-test and post-test of quasi-experimental design with a control group was used for the experiment. Participants in the study were 30 female rowers from Tehran province who participated voluntarily. The volunteer sample was randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Pre-test was carried out for both groups. The subjects in the experimental group then participated in 12 massage sessions under the supervision of a massage expert. Meanwhile, both groups also continued their normal rowing exercises. At the end of the intervention, post-test was carried out for both groups. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue scale (Borg, 1982), mood questionnaire (Vaez Mousavi, 2007), and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to measure variables. Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to test the hypotheses. The results suggested that perceived intensity and fatigue were significantly reduced in the massage group compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, anger (P=0.002), confusion (P=0.02), depression (P=0.028), mood fatigue (P=0.015), and stress (P=0.039) significantly decreased in the massage group compared to the control group. Force increased significantly in the massage group compared to the control group (P=0.008). In general, the results showed that 12 massage sessions could be used to decrease fatigue and improve mood in female rowers.