درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sports tourism development in job creation. The study was a descriptive survey study conducted in the field. The research population consisted of professors and graduate students studying sports management, entrepreneurship, and tourism at Tehran universities. The research samples were selected through a convenience sampling approach, and finally, 190 people completed the questionnaires. The instrument used in this research was adopted from library studies and literature reviews as well as interviews with five experts. This questionnaire has 10 items for the tourism development component, three items for the direct job creation component, and three items for the indirect job creation component. The face and content validity of the final questionnaire was confirmed by eight professors of sports management, entrepreneurship, and tourism. Convergent and divergent validity and composite reliability were checked and confirmed by the PLS software. Findings indicated that sports tourism had a positive and significant effect on direct job creation and all its dimensions; additionally, sports tourism had a positive and significant effect on indirect job creation and all its dimensions. The study results demonstrate that the development of sports tourism in Iran provides a basis for increasing direct and indirect job creation and permanent, seasonal, and part-time employment.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyse various articles on the effect of various types of exercise on the angiopoietins family and angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs). Methods: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched from 2000 to September 2020. After screening the articles, 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were studied and analysed. Results: In our body, four types of angiopoietin and eight types of angiopoietin-like proteins have been identified, the functional method of some of them which are still not entirely understood. Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 are essential regulators of vascular formation and maintenance. Angiopoietin-1 is found in perivascular and vascular cells within and around smooth muscle cells and plays an important role in growth, vascular stability, and pathological angiogenesis. On the other hand, angiopoietin-2 and angiopoietin-3 are mainly involved in inducing vascular regression, cell death, and inflammation. Angiopoietin-4, like angiopoietin-1, is responsible for the maturation, stabilization, and stasis of blood vessels. Conclusion: Studies show that exercise has a significant effect on increasing capillary density in the human body by increasing angiopoietin as one of the angiogenesis factors. In addition, there are many other benefits such as contribution to fat burning and treatment of coronary artery disease, cancer, asthma, and ischemia. More research is needed on the effects of different types of exercise training on angiopoietins.

This study aimed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the athletic commitment to train and compete in the armed forces. The research method was applied, and the study's statistical population consisted of athletes affiliated with the Armed Forces across the country, of whom 290 were selected as the sample. For data collection, in the beginning, the qualitative method and interview with elites were used, then the quantitative method containing a demographic questionnaire and sport commitment questionnaire (researcher-made) with 33 questions is used. The questionnaire comprises six dimensions: facilities, incentives, rules and regulations, financial and personal factors, and enjoyment and satisfaction. Collected data through equation modeling were analyzed using Amos 21 software and SPSS 22 software to identify the factors affecting the variables. The results showed that the research model had a good fit, and a positive and significant relationship existed between facilities and incentives, incentives, rules and regulations, finances, personal factors, and enjoyment and satisfaction with sport commitment. Finally, it is recommended that the physical education managers of the armed forces take advantage of all the national facilities to increase their athlete's athletic commitment.

The purpose of the present study was to identify barriers to implementing innovation in sports clubs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research approach was mixed. In the qualitative part, interviews with 13 owners of sports clubs were conducted. The statistical sample in the quantitative part, based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), included 200 sports club owners in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran. The results showed that barriers to implementing innovation in sports clubs were individual, structural, and environmental obstacles. Considering the entrepreneurial ecosystem and all stakeholders involved in the sports community, providing favorable conditions such as intellectual property protection, financial support, research, and development support, as well as improving access to financial capital, can pave the way for the creation and implementation of sports innovations in clubs, especially in crises. 

Audience behaviour is an external factor which could influence an athlete’s performance during a match due to the evaluative attitude which it might convey. One of the most common positive influences on a team’s motivation can be attributed to a supportive and cheering audience. Contrastingly, jeering can be interpreted as negative influence. High emotions exchanged between the spectators and the players may also show the important ties which bind them together, and this can affect the players’ behaviour on the field of play. This study focuses on how crowd behaviour in Maltese football influences the players’ performance in the game. The influence of spectator behaviour on the psychological state of six male national senior football team members and six male national team youth players was analysed through data gathered from individual semi-structured interviews. Results show that both senior and youth players are influenced by variables of audience behaviour and feel pressured and anxious throughout matches.  Incentives for positive behaviour need to be introduced, together with sanctions for the breaking of rules, as well as slogans and placards placed in the stands for further awareness need to become the norm. If we are to curb societal issues such as racism and violence, the need for educational strategies is clear.

Psychological commitment has been to date one of the interesting research topics in sports psychology. To achieve a deeper understanding of sports fans' psychological characteristics, this study aimed to design a qualitative model of the factors affecting psychological commitment in football fans in Iran based on grounded theory approach. In this qualitative-analytical study, 27 experts in the field of sports and fan loyalty in the Iranian Football Premier League from the top universities in Iran were interviewed based on purposive and triangulation sampling approach. The data analysis was also performed by open and axial coding, of which 53 concepts and 11 categories were classified under five general themes. The developed research model consisted of five major effective factors including: triggers, psychological characteristics, demographic characteristics, reference groups, and club-related issues. The results revealed that such factors could be the main actors shaping sports fans' psychological commitment.

Purpose: It has been well proven that type 2 diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases leading to many complications and mortality every year. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on FTO and PPAR-y gene expression in muscle tissue of obese diabetic rats. Study design: This experimental study was performed on 12 male Wistar rats (10 weeks old and 220±20 g bodyweight). Methods: Animals received 6 weeks high-fat diet and then in order to induce type 2 diabetes an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 30 mg/kg freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) (Sigma, USA) solved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) was performed. Diabetic rats were divided into two (Resistance and control) groups randomly. The resistance program included 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The muscle expression of FTO and PPAR-γ was measured using the real-time PCR method. Independent t-test and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were applied to compare the means. Results: The muscle mRNA expression of PPAR-γ and body weight significantly increased after 6 weeks of resistance training (p=0.031, p=0.037; respectively) but there was no significant change in the muscle mRNA expression of FTO (p=0.317). Also, blood glucose significantly decreased in the training group compared to the control group (p=0.01). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be noted that 6-week resistance training by decreasing glucose levels and increases insulin sensitivity, and the muscle expression of PPAR-γ plays a prominent role in the control and treatment of type 2 diabetes in obese patients.