شاهین بیرانوند

Purpose: Winter endurance training combines high aerobic load with repeated cold exposure, which can alter immune-related cellular signaling and increase vulnerability to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), thereby threatening training continuity and performance. This structured abstract aimed to summarize a signaling-based rationale for immune-informed winter periodization in endurance runners. Method: A narrative, mechanistic synthesis was developed from exercise immunology and cold-stress evidence, focusing on how cold exposure and endurance exercise converge on sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation, downstream endocrine responses (catecholamines, cortisol), immune cell trafficking, airway barrier function, mucosal immunity (salivary IgA), and cytokine signaling (with emphasis on IL-6). Practical implications were translated into microcycle/mesocycle design principles and a tiered monitoring framework. Results: Cold exposure triggers thermoregulatory vasoconstriction and central blood redistribution and is accompanied by neuroendocrine shifts that can modify leukocyte behavior, adhesion signaling, and lymphocyte proliferation. Evidence indicates that respiratory barrier defenses may be impaired in cold conditions, while mucosal immunity (e.g., IgA-related protection) can be reduced in heavily trained athletes during winter, coinciding with increased URTI reports. IL-6 responses to exercise in the cold were context-dependent: some protocols show minimal temperature effects at moderate intensity, whereas others report higher IL-6 at colder temperatures, supporting a multi-marker and longitudinal interpretation rather than reliance on single measurements. Conclusion: Integrating cellular signaling knowledge enables temperature-aware planning of intensity, structured warm-up/rewarming routines, monotony control, and symptom-gated adjustments to reduce “vulnerability windows” without sacrificing adaptation. Immune-informed winter periodization, supported by feasible monitoring (load, sleep, symptoms, and optional IgA/cytokines), may preserve training availability and mitigate winter performance decrement in endurance runners.

Purpose: The purpose of this review study is to investigate dental caries and intense training. the oral health of athletes in various sports is inappropriate, so that athletes follow a downward trend with an increase in the incidence of various diseases of the oral cavity, performance during training and racing. Method: intense training has been identified as a harmful factor in the occurrence of a variety of oral diseases, including dental caries. Results: In this context, intense training plays a role as a negative factor in the development of dental caries in athletes by affecting various factors such as saliva PH and blood co2 in dental caries. Conclusion: In this regard, athletes need to be monitored by dentists, which seems to be effective in preventing the decline of athletes ' performance.  

Propose: The thyroid hormones (T3, TSH, T4, and FT4) play a role in energy balance and regulation of energy expenditure. The aim present study to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic training on thyroid hormone levels in inactive girls. Method: A total 30 inactive girls students were randomly selected and divided to training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The training group doing research protocol for four week (three session per week of 70% maximal heart rate), also the control group was not intervened during the study. However, elevation anthropometric index before protocol training study. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. For analysis data used T-test at significant level p<0.05. Results: Results showed a significant reduction of T3 (P<0.05), but no significant change were observed at T4, TSH, FT4 levels after training (P˃0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed that moderate aerobic training of 70% maximal heart rate have minimum effect on thyroid hormones in inactive adolescent girls.

Propose: The thyroid hormones (T3, TSH, T4, and FT4) play a role in energy balance and regulation of energy expenditure. The aim present study to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic training on thyroid hormone levels in inactive girls. Method: A total 30 inactive girls students were randomly selected and divided to training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The training group doing research protocol for four week (three session per week of 70% maximal heart rate), also the control group was not intervened during the study. However, elevation anthropometric index before protocol training study. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. For analysis data used T-test at significant level p<0.05. Results: Results showed a significant reduction of T3 (P<0.05), but no significant change were observed at T4, TSH, FT4 levels after training (P˃0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed that moderate aerobic training of 70% maximal heart rate have minimum effect on thyroid hormones in inactive adolescent girls.