درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Writing skill is a challenging and frequently-used activity in academic circles. This study investigated the effects of reflective writing on EFL learners’ writing performance. The participants were 61 Iranian EFL learners from two intact university classes randomly assigned to the non-reflective (n=31) and reflective (n=30) groups. Over sixteen sessions of instructions over eight weeks, the non-reflective group was taught using the traditional writing method; however, the reflective group was exposed to reflective writing instruction under Kolb’s Model. The data were collected through reflective writing compositions and the content analysis of think-aloud protocols. The quantitative data analysis revealed that the reflective group significantly outperformed the non-reflective group in writing compositions. The thematic analysis of think-aloud protocols substantiated the quantitative data findings, indicating that all participants went through the cognitive psychological processes of ‘planning, drafting, pausing and thinking, reading and reproducing, reviewing, editing and revising’ as they were engaged in reflective writing via Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle. The results offer significant implications for language instructors, curriculum planners, and course designers.

Mediate Learning Experience (MLE) posits that the quality and amount of mediated learning interactions undergone by a learner affects both his cognitive and psychological development and his functioning as an autonomous and independent learner. This study attempts to implement MLE theory in pedagogy by designing an MLE-based grammar lesson plan in respect of present continuous through operationalizing and activating MLE parameters in a grammar class. Through the application of MLE in pedagogy, not only do the teachers take on new roles like mediating lifelong learning and mentoring fellow teachers but also the learners experience innovative functions such as developing heuristics for solving problems and autonomous learning and thinking essential to the late modern knowledge-based era. Through the application of MLE in pedagogy, not only do the teachers take on new roles like mediating lifelong learning and mentoring fellow teachers but also the learners experience innovative functions such as developing heuristics for solving problems and autonomous learning and thinking essential to the late modern knowledge-based era.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of explicit instruction aimed at improving vocabulary on the writing proficiency and long-term retention of new vocabulary among second language (L2) learners. The achievement was accomplished through the administration of a fill-in-the-blank assessment, which included 30 individual words and 6 lexical phrases, to a group of 30 EFL students at an upper-intermediate level. Subsequently, these students engaged in a reading exercise centered around the topic of 'Bull Fighting' and subsequently crafted a paper titled 'A Cruel Sport'. The results demonstrated a notable enhancement in the quantity of terms actively utilized in their writing following the focused vocabulary teaching. The statistical analysis revealed that the participants were capable of retaining the newly-acquired language even after a considerable amount of time had elapsed since the lesson. This study presents comprehensive information on these findings and provides suggestions for L2 teachers, asserting that although comprehending a word does not inherently result in its active utilization, learners possess the capacity to enhance their active vocabulary and accurately employ recently acquired words. Explicit training in vocabulary is advantageous for converting recognition vocabulary into productive language during immediate writing tasks and enhancing retention. Nevertheless, consistent and regular practice in utilizing recently learned vocabulary is necessary for it to become effective in long-term written expression.

In the increasingly interconnected world, English proficiency has become essential for developing technical skills and opening up global career opportunities. However, Iranian technical and vocational education (TVE) suffers from adequate attention to the English language for students’ specific fields of study and occupations. Accordingly, the present study aimed to bridge the existing gap in Iranian TVE through a comprehensive needs analysis and the development of a blended TBLT-based ESP course tailored to second-year vocational school students specializing in photography. Initially, needs analysis was conducted through interviews with TVE administrators at the Ministry of Education in Iran, experienced photography teachers, and photography students to develop the course. After the accurate investigation of fundamental course components, the course was implemented and its effectiveness and possible challenges were evaluated. The findings showed that photography students found the blended course effective in terms of learning photography terminology and tools in English, practicing photography and editing techniques, using multimedia and interactive games, and enhancing motivation and self-confidence. However, the students also encountered some linguistic and technological challenges. Ultimately, by contributing to the ongoing discourse on ESP course development, this study emphasizes the need for ESP courses and the preparation of students for future careers.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in understanding how cognitive skills influence second language acquisition. Cognitive control, a set of mental processes that include attention, inhibition, and working memory, has been shown to play a significant role in language learning. This study examines the impact of cognitive control skills on language development among adult Iranian English learners, comparing it both in online and in person settings. Forty adult EFL learners were divided into two groups and underwent a 9-week instructional period, with cognitive control skills assessed using the Attention Network Task (ANT), working memory tasks, and a Raven’s IQ test. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, regression, and ANCOVA to determine relationships between variables. The results of the study revealed that while aspects of cognitive control like orienting and altering do not have a significant impact on language development, the more complex, controlling aspect exhibits a positive relationship (F=4.937, p=0.033). This relationship was contingent upon controlling for differences between post-examination and primary examination of ANT results, indicating that controlling attention is a stronger predictor of language outcomes. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the mode of instruction—online or in-person—has no significant impact on this relationship (F=0.009, p=0.925), suggesting that cognitive control operates independently of teaching mode. The study’s findings suggest that educators and curriculum developers should emphasize activities targeting the controlling component of cognitive control in language learning, as this is linked to better language development. Additionally, since the mode of instruction does not significantly impact this relationship, effective language instruction can be delivered in both online and in-person settings, providing flexibility in course design.

This study sought to determine the impact of self-regulation and emotional labor on reflective action among Iranian EFL teachers in online EFL classes using structural equation modeling. To achieve this, a combination of cluster sampling and stratified random sampling of 500 people was recruited. The participants were administered with the English version of Dutch questionnaire of emotional labor, Teacher Self-Regulation Scale and Teaching Reflection Inventory. After collecting data using three distinct questionnaires pertaining to latent variables, SEM analysis was conducted using IMB SPSS version 28.0 and Amos version 24.0 to analyze the path model relationships. To this end, a hypnotical model was proposed, evaluated, and specified to fit the data. The confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess the hypothetical model by employing goodness of fit indices and analyzing all the convergences between the latent variables and the related sub-scales. According to the criteria for a good model's fitness, all of the model's values are above 0.90, indicating that the model has good fitness. And it was concluded that there was statistically significant relationships between the variables of the study.

L’étude de la réussite universitaire est un paradigme presque jeune dans le domaine de la recherche psychopédagogique du monde et les pays anglosaxons en sont les pionniers. En Iran, le concept de la réussite est traité depuis une quinzaine d’années. Pourtant, la plupart des recherches effectuées s’intéressent aux niveaux primaires et secondaires. Il nous semble primordial de faire avancer ces recherches au niveau universitaire parce que l’université est en particulier censée aujourd’hui être le passage principal à la professionnalisation et à la formation des futurs citoyens et cela est surtout le cas dans le domaine des langues étrangères. Dans cet article, nous nous attardons avant tout sur les définitions du concept de la réussite universitaire des étudiants en Iran. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à définir de très nombreuses différences contextuelles aux niveaux socioculturel, économique et universitaire entre ces pays et l’Iran. Ainsi, suivant une approche descriptive-analytique basée sur des ressources en bibliothèque, le présent travail est centré sur l’étude du concept de réussite universitaire d’un point de vue plutôt qualitative que quantitative. Nous pouvons ainsi aider à aborder le concept dans un paradigme autonome afin de favoriser des recherches psychopédagogiques plus systématiques et plus contextualisées dans le domaine du Fle en Iran dans des étapes suivantes (résultat de la recherche).

Au cours de l'histoire, notamment du XVIe jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle, lorsque le voyage des Européens, des prêtres aux écrivains et commerçants, vers la Perse, a connu une forte croissance, l’Arménie a trouvé également une place dans l’itinéraire de ces voyageurs . Toutefois, le nombre des Français passant par l’Arménie ne paraît point significatif par rapport au nombre total des voyageurs européens qui arrivaient en Iran. Cet article se propose d'examiner la place de l'Arménie, à cette période, dans le choix de l’itinéraire entre l'Iran et l'Europe par les voyageurs français, et de répondre à la question suivante : pourquoi les Français ont rarement choisi cette route pour rejoindre l'Iran ? Il semble que plusieurs facteurs fondamentaux aient joué un rôle dans ce domaine. Outre la situation géographique de l'Arménie, ainsi que le rôle de l’Empire Ottoman veillant à maintenir sa position de supériorité dans la région et de contrôler l'afflux de touristes vers la Perse, le rôle de l'Église arménienne paraît déterminant. L’Arménie souhaitait en effet rester à l'écart de la concurrence des voisins puissants de l'Iran, à savoir la Russie et l’Empire ottoman, et d'autre part, elle voyait les objectifs religieux des Européens en conflit avec les siens.

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of reading-based vs. discussion-based pre-writing activities on the writing ability of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, a quasi-experimental study was conducted with 40 Iranian intermediate EFL learners within16 to 20 age range who were selected based on their performance on an Oxford Solution Proficiency Test. They were divided into two experimental groups: Reading Group and Discussion Group. The former group was made to involve in some reading activity prior to doing the main writing task, and the latter group was made to participate in a discussion activity before the main writing task. After the treatment for 10 sessions, both groups were post-tested. The findings indicated that both groups’ writing ability improved over the course of the study, but the difference between the performances of the groups on the post-test was not statistically significant, although the Reading group’s mean score was greater than the Discussion group. The results of this study have some implications for students, language teachers, syllabus designers and material developers.

Pablo Neruda est l’un des plus grands poètes du vingtième siècle. Ce qui le distingue des autres, c’est la variété de sujets dans ses poésies et la langue simple et authentique qu’il y applique. Notre article a pour fin de faire une étude comparative des traductions française et persane de l’un de ses recueils, intitulé Cent Sonnets d'Amour selon les théories de Henri Meschonnic, linguiste, poète et théoricien français, notamment d’après son point de vue sur l’ajout et la suppression dans les traductions ; nous allons illustrer cette recherche par des exemples extraits des textes tendus en français et en persan. Cela dit, l’objectif de notre recherche est de trouver des réponses aux questions concernant la possibilité de rapprocher la forme et le fond de la traduction de ceux du texte original entre deux langues sœurs (l’espagnol et le français) et entre celles qui semblent lointaines (l’espagnol et le persan).

The purpose of this cross-sectional mixed methods sequential explanatory study was to find out the effects of enriching McCroskey's (1992) Willingness to Communicate (WTC) questionnaire using oral-visual role-play on EFL responses from comparing the responses of 117 pre-intermediate EFL learners to this instrument before and after the enriching act. This study relates to sociolinguistic research in order to develop more authentic data collection and assessment. The quantitative results indicated no statistically significant effect in average score of the responses, and a decrease in reliability from original to the enriched one, but individual and item internal changes. Then, it followed up with 12 purposefully selected typical respondents to explore those quantitative results in verbal protocol after each administration of original and enriched WTC questionnaire that detected source of variability due to purpose, place, visualization, age, gender, and personality of the interlocutors in the role-plays. The quantitative and qualitative findings from the two phases of the study are discussed with reference to the prior research. Finally, implications and recommendations for EFL instructors, supervisors, and language assessors are provided.