درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to identify the causes of social isolation and design a relevant model for high school students. Methodology: This was an applied study in terms of its aim and mixed-method study in terms of its implementation method (qualitative and quantitative). The study population in the qualitative section included documents and resources and educational management experts and, in the quantitative section, 180 female high-school first-year students in Gorgan during the academic year 2019-2020. According to the data saturation principle, the research population in the qualitative part included documents and resources related to social isolation and 10 educational management experts who were selected by purposive sampling. According to Cochran's formula, the study population in the quantitative section included 180 female high-school first-year students who were selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected by note taking, interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire (39 items), the construct and convergent validity of which were confirmed and its reliability was obtained α=0.96 by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by open and axial coding methods, factor analysis and structural equation modeling in MAXQDA software. Findings: The findings of the qualitative section showed that social isolation consists of six components and 40 indicators, including socio-economic anomalies (7 indicators), individual variables (9 indicators), parental role (5 indicators), strengthening social relations (6 indicators), psychological interactions (10 indicators), and family level (3 indicators). The findings of the quantitative section showed that the social isolation model had a good fit and all six components, i.e. socio-economic anomalies, individual variables, parental role, strengthening social relations, psychological interactions and family level had a significant effect on social isolation (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, sociologists can use the social isolation model designed in the present study to reduce social isolation; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of effective components.

Purpose: Entrepreneurship is the basis and foundation of successful economy and a hope for developing economic systems. Nowadays, engineering students must become engineers with entrepreneurial attitude. Unemployment of graduates of higher education is one of the recent problems of many countries of the world and one basic issue of higher education is development of factors affecting entrepreneurship in graduates. Method: In terms of method, this study is a descriptive study and in terms of purpose, it is an applied research and is also a qualitative study in terms of data. Data collection instrument is semi-structured interview and to determine sample size, purposeful sampling is used because of considering quality of data from sampling to theoretical saturation. Result: Academic experts and entrepreneurship lecturers and faculty members in relation with entrepreneurship and industry are selected and after the interviews, the data analysis is done through open and axial coding. Discussion: Hence, 15 factors affecting entrepreneurship of students are classified including education, research, motivation and entrepreneurial capacity, attitude, personality, information technology, management support, environment, entrepreneurship skills, culture, family, entrepreneurship lesson, commercialization and infrastructure.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a self-awareness education package based on the logo-therapy approach in order to improve the self-control of adolescent girls. Methodology: The method of this study was a combined method. The statistical population of the study was all theologians and professors in the field of the domain of logo-therapy. Sample size was determined by referring to the saturation rule of 15 people who were selected purposefully. In order to achieve the goal of research, the establishment of the general headings of the package, the conversion of general headings to more precise titles, establishment of the purpose for each heading, the compilation of the content necessary to achieve the purposes, qualitative and quantitative review of the package to the opinion of the experts, were done. Findings: The results of the content validity analysis of the package, according to the experts, showed that CVR = 0.73 and CVI = 0.83, both of them were in the optimum level and the content validity of the package was confirmed. Also, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for determining the internal consistency of experts in the component of self-communication was 0.73, in the component of communication with the others was 0.77 and for the component of communication with the universe was 0.79. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, it is suggested that psychotherapists use the self-awareness training package (based on the logo-therapy approach) in order to correct attitudes to strengthen self-control in adolescent girls.

Purpose: The aim of this research was determining the relationship between cognitive appraisals and social problem solving with coping styles with stressful factors in university students. Methodology: The present study was cross-sectional from type of correlation. The research population was all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University of Saveh branch in 2019-2020 academic years. There were 418 of them the sample size was calculated according to Cochran's formula 220 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research tools were the questionnaires of cognitive appraisals (Folkman & Lazarus, 1985), social problem solving (D’Zurilla & et al, 2002) and coping styles with stressful factors (Endler & Parker, 1990). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method with using path analysis in LISREL-8.8 software. Findings: The findings showed that the primary appraisals had a significant negative effect on problem-oriented style and a significant positive effect on emotion-oriented and avoidance styles, secondary appraisals had a significant positive effect on problem-oriented style and a significant negative effect on emotion-oriented and avoidance styles, adaptive social problem solving had a significant positive effect on problem-oriented style and a significant negative effect on emotion-oriented and avoidance styles and maladaptive social problem solving had a significant negative effect on problem-oriented style and a significant positive effect on emotion-oriented style (P<0.05), but maladaptive social problem solving had no significant effect on avoidance style (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, to improve coping styles with stressful factors (increase problem-oriented style and decrease emotion-oriented and avoidance styles) can be designed and implemented programs to increase secondary cognitive appraisals and adaptive social problem solving and decrease primary cognitive appraisals and maladaptive social problem solving.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the ethical leadership with organizational citizenship behavior and the school principals’ performance (Case study: elementary schools in Tehran) in the academic year of 2017-2018. Methodology: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of the data collection. The population consisted of all 1353 elementary school principals in Tehran; 298 people (159 female principals and 139 male principals), were used as sample size using Morgan table and a stratified random sampling. The method of data collection was based on three questionnaires: Ethical Leadership Standard Questionnaire by De Hoogh & Den Hartog (2008), Organizational Citizenship Behavior Standard Questionnaire by Podsakoff et al. (1990), and Principals’ Performance Questionnaire by Patterson (1992; translated by Shekarshekan & Arsهادی, 2007). The reliability of this questionnaire was calculated more than 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha method for all dimensions of the questionnaire, which indicates the reliability of the research instrument. Content validity and construct validity were used to calculate the validity. The results indicated the validity of the research instrument. The data analysis was performed using SPSS-22 software in a significant level of 0.05 and in two descriptive and inferential parts (Pearson correlation coefficient test and single-variable and multiple-variable regression analysis). Findings: The results of data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between ethical leadership with the organizational citizenship behavior and principals’ performance; in other words, the principals’ performance increased with the increase of organizational citizenship behavior; also, the principals’ performance increased with the increase of ethical leadership. Conclusion: The predictive components of "fairness", "transparency of role" and "power sharing" have the potential to predict the organizational citizenship behavior and the principals’ performance.