درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The vast expanse of the urban distressed areas in the country and multiple damages that their inhabitants face on economic, social and cultural aspects remind the need for higher attention to these constructions. Meanwhile, Tehran's distressed areas with more than 3268 hectares (5.3% of the area of ​​Tehran) has a population of one million and three hundred thousand people in it, is one of the priorities of the improvement and renovations in the country. According to what most experts and researchers say one of the main obstacles to the process of improvement and renovation of the urban distressed areas, is the selection and use of appropriate methods of financing. Several methods of financing that have been raised to be used in the process of improvement and renovation, on one hand due to the variety they provide are an opportunity, and on the other hand face the managers and city decision-makers with some problems in the process of selection and utilization, because using any of the methods depends on several regional and local factors. In this regard and in order to facilitate the process of decision-making in the process of improvement and renovation of urban distressed areas, this research used a cross-sectional study and also investigated the evaluation criteria and different methods of financing the distressed areas and using the obtained field data from questionnaires distributed in two stages using ANOVA test, tested the research hypothesis in order to determine the best financing method according to the improvement and renovation process from the perspective of the tested criteria and in this way tried to compare the various methods of financing in order to take advantage of the process of improving and renovation of urban distressed areas in Tehran. In this regard and based on the obtained results three methods of repayment from the operation of the project, civic engagement (contract) -guaranteed and selling shares were identified as ways with the highest priority to utilize in the process of improvement and renovation of the urban distressed areas of Tehran.

Historical fabric of Arak, as one of the most important inorganic cities in urbanization history of Iran, has been implemented from the beginning based on predetermined plan and project. During the age that majority of cities in Iran used to be created organically and gradually based on public needs, all steps of construction of Arak City including spatial organization, physical structure, communicative network system, activity distribution pattern and composition of urban elements were firstly designed and then implemented. The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the physical features of monuments of Arak city to discover the behavioral system of monuments with the composition features standard. According to the research objective, the method applied is descriptive, analytical and comparative method based on field and library investigations. In this study, first architectural composition features including scale, proportion, hierarchy, axis, focus point, composition center, modulus, flexibility, rhythm and geometry are analyzed in each monument. Then, the monuments were classified in sub-factors of each composition feature and then, through comparing the classified groups, common features of monuments in each sub-factor with most frequency are extracted. The results obtained from the study showed existence of unit behavioral system in special groups of monuments compared to architectural composition features leading to typology of Arak’s historical monuments.

Background: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to the creation of intellectual capital in the organization of education. The research method is a descriptive and exploratory factor analysis method. A sample: directors and deputies of the second period Secondary Education Department of Tehran Province. Based on stratified random sampling method and based on a sample of 500 was calculated size formula. The research made questionnaire constitutes a measurement tool through which factors in the creation of intellectual capital was identified by the sample. Validity to help them with the help of factor analysis and reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha equal to 78/0. And finally analyzed by factor analysis of main components were analyzed. The findings suggest that the amount of KMO is close to 1 is equal to 881/0. Bartlett test of sphericity is also characterized by a significant level of zero, which is smaller than the 05/0 show statistically significant. And the final outcome of the 9 extracted with PC using varimax rotated in total by performing factor analysis identified nine factors: Self-conscious, value-based and central vision, holistic and systemic approach, independence, spontaneity, sense of mission, altruism, accountability, change frame of mind Factors identified in order to create intellectual capital could have a significant relationship with the studied variables. So successful, in order to strengthen each of these factors will lead to the creation of intellectual capital in educational organizations.

The objective of present study was to identify and evaluate the organizational structure of agile universities. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). Statistical populations in the qualitative section consisted of 18 researchers in the field of organizational agility and were selected by purposive sampling method. Statistical society in quantitative section consisted of 150 members of the faculty of management at the University units of Mazandaran province. These subjects have been teaching in the universities at least for 10 years. Stratified random sampling was done considering the size of the faculty members in each college. The sample size was 90 people calculated based on Cochran Formula. Data collection tools in qualitative section were semi-structured interviews and questionnaire respondents agreed determining factor in the quantitative part questionnaire had 25 questions drawn from the results of the interviews. This question has two dimensions and evaluated the existing and desired agile organizational structure. In the qualitative data analysis methods, using the technique of open coding, axial, and selective and Kendall test showed agreement among experts; In the quantitative data analyses using descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The qualitative findings stage of the existence of qualitative show there are 7 factors and 25 indexes. Kendall's coefficient of agreement for the issue of the right size were (0.72), improving the organizational level (0.66) decreased organizational formalities, (0.67), effective communication, (0.69) now and integration (0.61) the center of decision-making (0.67) and the improvement of human resources. So these concepts were introduced as aspects of organizational structure. The findings of this assessment indicate that between the status quo and the ideal situation is marked on all sides there is a significant difference. Most of this difference in the dimensions of formalization and the lowest levels in the structure; According to the strategy managers and planners Islamic Azad University about creating agile university research findings can provide special approaches.

The questions of centralization and decentralization arise in every polity. The constitution or the practice or both have to settle how much of policy making is to be decided by the central government and by component bodies. By and large liberalism and decentralization tend to go together while authoritarianism tends to be associated with centralization. The constitutional model which is generally regarded as bringing about the largest amount or decentralization is federalism. This is said to sonstitute a half way house between confederacies (where component units dominate)and unitary states (where the center dominates) In its classical form at least , federalism stipulates that there have to be two independent levels of government (the centre and upper level component bodies (often named states) each of these levels has the right to decide on matters falling within its own sphere. There are difficulties in practice especially with respect to the constituent power and to the fields allocated to each level. Federalism must be based on a rigid constitution there has to be s supreme court protecting the independence of the two levels of government there has to be a second chamber defending the rights of the component bodies at the central level.yet there are variations in the extent to which the component bodies are protected and generally in the extent to which there is decentralization. On the one hand federal states are becoming more centralized on the other centralization cannot go beyond a given point without leading to gross inefficiency and perhaps to a break up of the regime as the communist experience showed. Partly for this reason there is a degree of convergence between federal and unitary states. Federalism is also associated with efforts to bring together independent states but this has occurred in a smell number of polities only. Attempts at achieving closer cooperation between states has led more commonly to confederacies, such as the Unites Nations. The European community or European :::union::: has innovated by forming a type of association labeled supranational which is intermediate between the confederal and the federal models. There is innovation in that developments take place gradually with new fields beings progressively covered new structures being set up and new member states joining. The problems of centralization and decentralization have exercised the minds of many in relation to many types of organization : both efficency and freedom appear to be at stake . federalism succeeded in a number of contexts but it is not the panacea which some suggest it is it is also so diverse that one has to refer to federalisms rather than to federalism . what is at stake is the need to find an equilibrium between the two extremes of over centralization and break up. Given the large number of situations in the contemporary world one should look for a variety of solutions and for a continuous evolution of the models which have hitherto been proposed.

One of the most fundamental presumptions of management audit shows that change in costs is in fir correlation with increase and decrease in activity level. However, this assumption is discussed with considering the cost stickiness by Anderson et al. it means that the amount of increase in costs with the increase in activity level is more than reduction in costs per same amount of reduction in activity level. On the other hand, audit could increase the reliability of information available for the users and with the increase in audit quality; quality of information is also enhanced. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of audit quality on cost stickiness in manufacturing companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Statistical population of this study consists of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2014. To measure the correlation of research variables, Pearson correlation test is used and finally, to test research hypotheses, generalized ordinary least-squares regression is used. The results obtained from testing hypotheses how that size of audit and audit tenure (more than 3 years) could affect cost stickiness positively and significantly. However, the expertise of auditor in the industry and importance of a company for a audit institution could have no effect on cost stickiness.

In order to promote and improve the quality of educational spaces and achieving a comprehensive statistics, evaluation and analysis of schools neglected in most Iran’s schools, while educational spaces play an important role in the social and cultural structure and population growing and schools as one of the most basic educational centers, study on this field is important. Therefore, schools evaluation (in the Shahriar city as a case sample) plays an important role in raising the scientific level of a country and development of urban physical planning in the field of education. It supposed that the schools of Shahriar city in terms of population, area and other qualitative and quantitative aspects are far from per capita and standards of the country’s modernization organization, and according to this hypothesis, to what extent are schools far from relevant standards in terms of population growth, and what are solutions to fix and reform schools? This study is a descriptive - analytical and field study, to collect data, city education department; organization of schools renovation, journals and valid books and papers were used. Then, the date of Shahriar city’s schools to determine its distance from per capita standard was assessed and compared. The study result shows lack of schools area in term of population and per capita standard was about 310 thousand square meters in Shahriar city that will reach to 700 thousand square meters in the future 25 years.

One of the most valuable assets of each firm is the brand of that firm. Whatever the brand equity is more in the consumers, mind, the firm can gain more benefits from the consumers in its shadow. The continuous controlling of this concept is as a necessary step in its effective management. In recent decades, studying and searching about the brand has allocated a special position in different domains such as university and business market to itself. Most of the researchers and managers of companies have concluded that the most valuable asset of a firm for improvement of marketing is the knowledge of branding which is accomplished by investing in marketing plans and creates the brand picture in the consumer&rsquos mind. With regard to this important, studying the effective factors on the brand equity and its effects on the customer responses with a comprehensive look which includes both dimensions is needed. In this research we intend to design an optimal model for Samsung company to study that which variables can have the most effect and also they can have what effect on the customer behavior and response. The purpose of doing this research is to introduce the conceptual model about the effect of the Marketing Mix elements on the brand equity and its relation with the customer responses. This research has been a descriptive-survey kind and the field information was collected by the questionnaire tool. The statistical population of this research includes the consumers of the audio-video products of Samsung company. The sample size was assessed according to the Coachran formula in the unlimited population including 384 samples and data analysis was done with modeling the structural equations by statistical software named SPSS and LISREL. The research results have indicated the existence of positive relation between the research variables and fitting the conceptual model of the research.

Security as one of the basic human needs has a special place in relaxation, comfort and spiritual needs provision. For this reason, security is always of managers, planners, architects and urban designers' interest. Solutions and strategies of security provision have been fundamentally changed following prevailing change of housing architecture patterns from homes to residential complexes and high-rise buildings. Principles, concepts and patterns of residential complexes form are also more originated from its resources and ideas shaping namely Western culture rather than Iranian-Islamic foundations. Individual and social security is emphasized as one of effective aspects in housing design and residential complexes in Islam. The present study was done aimed to explain a conceptual framework for Iranian-Islamic design of residential complexes. The method is a qualitative type and using documents and Islamic texts and also a few examples of residential complexes and validation by experts. The results of the study show that two main principles are dignity and privacy and subsidiary principles are contentment, clarity, nature, evolution from diversity to unity, classification and spatial hierarchy and proximity of the main structure of conceptual framework of individual and social security in residential complexes.