culture

This study was an attempt to investigate the perception of Iranian senior high school teachers toward critical cultural awareness. The participants of the study comprised of 307 teachers in different high schools in Qazvin. All the participants filled in the Critical Cultural Awareness Questionnaire. The data were then fed into SPSS software and were subjected to Principal Components Analysis. Three factors were extracted and named as CCA in ELT Programs, CCA in ELT Textbooks and Materials, and CCA in General Terms, and the participants’ responses were analyzed based on these factors. The results indicated that the teachers’ critical awareness perception toward ELT Textbooks and Materials was the highest factor. The results of the item analysis revealed that teachers indicate all cultures should have an equal status in ELT textbooks and materials. It was concluded that the teachers’ cultural awareness regarding the integration of culture into mainstream teaching should be raised and they should pay more attention to culture in their classes. One significant implication of this study for EFL teachers and also syllabus designers is that an intercultural curriculum can enable learners to have a better understanding of the target materials.

Rural tourism can be defined as a tourism product, which approach accentuates the importance of supply management and marketing activities. As against conventional tourism, rural tourism has certain typical characteristics like; it is experience oriented, the locations are sparsely populated, it is predominantly in natural environment, it meshes with seasonality and local events and is based on preservation of culture, heritage and traditions. Iran is world famous for kind hospitality, friendliness, and a beautiful Landscape and villages. Beautiful historical villages and rural areas, like Gilanian villages have been visited by many foreign and domestic tourists. Definitely, Tourism industry in the villages has positive and negative consequences. Some experts focus on the positive aspects and vice versa. Some experts disagree with this industry and believe that must be prevented rural tourism. The main purpose in this paper is to investigate and Introduction of tourism centers in Gilan villages. The method in this paper is quantities and also action research and tools of data collection is documental, in-depth interview and participate .

Cette recherche porte sur l’œuvre littéraire de Myriam Harry et sa représentation de l’étranger, en l’occurrence l’Iran, dans le cadre duquel on analysera ses spécificités. Notre attention se concentre tout particulièrement sur ses récits de voyage en Iran publiés au début du XXe siècle . En se penchant sur les présupposés méthodologiques de l’imagologie , particulièrement ceux préconisés par Daniel-Henri Pageaux, ce travail prétend tâtonner dans l’approche analytique des images littéraires de l’Autre. Cela faisant, nous avons tenté d’apporter une réponse aux questionnements concernant l’altérité tout en suivant de près le parcours de celle-ci au travers des lieux, des personnages, des coutumes et de la littérature qui constituent en somme le matériel de l’œuvre de Harry. C’est en appliquant la méthodologie de Pageaux sur les ouvrages choisis de Harry que ce travail mettra la lumière sur le fonctionnement du regard imagotypique de l’auteure et les attitudes de celle-ci désignées par les suffixes « manie », « phobie » ou « philie ».

Critical cultural awareness (CCA) as an essential element of intercultural competence has attracted a myriad of scholars in the fields of language teaching, communication studies, cultural studies, gender studies, ethnic studies among others. That is why this study aims to investigate the attitudes of Iranian high school teachers and learners toward critical cultural awareness. The participants of the study included 307 teachers and 359 learners in different high schools in Qazvin. All the participants filled out the Critical Cultural Awareness Questionnaire. The data were then fed into SPSS software and were subjected to Principal Components Analysis. Three factors were extracted and named as CCA in ELT Programs, CCA in ELT Textbooks and Materials, and CCA in General Terms. The participants’ responses were analyzed based on these factors. The results of item analysis revealed that both teachers and learners indicated that all cultures should be equally addressed in ELT textbooks and materials. It was also concluded that the teachers' and learners’ awareness regarding the integration of culture into the mainstream teaching should be raised and they should put more emphasis on culture in their classes. One significant implication for EFL teachers and also syllabus designers is that an intercultural curriculum can enable learners to understand the target materials more efficiently.

Does it sound plausible to obtain a strategy for global peace in Farabi’s political philosophy? Put another way, could we procure a common language leading to peace among all cultures and religions, according to Farabi? Farabi’s utopia (al-madīnat al-fāḍila), literally meaning ‘the excellent state’, consists of five levels. On the first level stands the philosopher (fīlsūf) or the prophet (nabī). The second level includes poets (shuʿarā), music composers (mulaḥḥinūn), writers (kuttāb) and the likes. Farabi strongly believes in the power of imagination (khīyāl) and that most people are under the influence of their imaginative faculty (al-quwwat al-mutakhayyila). This faculty has an important outcome which influences his view on religion (milla), prophet, and their relation with the public (jumhūr): imagination, in his view, is the most powerful tool of influencing the public. Regarding this principle, it could be concluded that there is a shared function between the poet and the prophet. Farabian theory of peace may well be identified, based on the shared function between the poet and the prophet. In other words, for Farabi rational truth and rational happiness is fixed and one, having only one denotation, while its connotations, that is, sensory images and imagery forms are more than one—possibly many more. That being the case, various and sundry cultures and religions might well have different ways to pursue the same knowledge, truth, and contentment.

Purpose: Today, the media has an effective role in human life and based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of providing a pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture. Methodology : This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The study population was the managers of Iran Life Insurance Company in 1400 year, which based on the theoretical saturation principle number of 15 people were selected by purposive sampling method. To collect data were used from semi-structured interviews, which their validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and their reliability by Cohen's Kappa coefficient method was obtained 0.78. Finally, the data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding method based on the grounded theory in Maxquda software. Findings : The results of the analysis showed that the pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture had 79 indicators in 24 sub-categories and 6 main categories; so that the main category of causal conditions included 3 sub-categories of media management development, strengthening insurance culture and dynamic interactions, the main category of contextual conditions included 3 sub-categories of media patterns diversity, media awareness and cultural capabilities of mass media, the main category of intervention conditions included 3 sub-categories of media transparency, media space and audience characteristics, the main category of the central phenomenon included 3 sub-categories of media structural requirements, media management requirements and media forces requirements, the main category of strategies included 3 sub-categories of evaluation of positioning process, evaluation of target media selection process and evaluation of media channels and the main categories of outcomes included 3 sub-categories of competitive advantage, development of culture insurance and market and design practical strategies. Finally, the pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture based on grounded theory was drawn. Conclusion : The results indicated the identification of many categories and indicators in the pattern of media influence on the spread of life insurance culture. Therefore, in order to spread of life insurance culture, it is necessary to provide the ground for improving the identified indicators and categories.

The field of humanities is different from other fields in many aspects, therefore, in order to develop academic entrepreneurship in this field, we need its special model. In this article, two goals are pursued, first, the key components of the development of academic entrepreneurship are identified, and then we discuss the prioritization and influence of the dimensions on each other. This article is practical in terms of its purpose. After carrying out library studies, using the fuzzy Delphi method, we have identified the dimensions, and in the second step, we have used the Dematel method and the ranking of the components using the analytical network process (ANP) to find cause and effect relationships. Therefore, the components of the government's role, entrepreneurial culture, the educational structure and financial infrastructure of the penetrating (cause) and the components of the university structure, research and commercialization and the communication links under the influence (effect) are introduced. The first priority of university entrepreneurship development was entrepreneurial culture and in order expanded developmental periphery including research and commercialization, communication links, strengthened steering core including university structure, stimulated academic heartland includes educational structure, financial resources including financial infrastructure and the least important is the government component.

La sémiologie, c’est l’analyse des systèmes de signes qui lient les éléments d’un contexte entre eux. Elle étudie les signes verbaux ou non verbaux et leur signification. Autrement dit, cette étude vise à comprendre comment les signes font sens.Cette discipline scientifique est inspirée de la linguistique et peut étre appliquée à de nombreux champs d’étude comme la littérature, la publicité, le cinéma, la politique. Dans cet article, nous visons à faire une étude sémiologique des signes émis dans La Maison Paternelle, film iranien mis en écran en 2010. En effet, c’est la condition féminine ianienne dans une famille au cours de plusieurs années qui a été mise en question. Et nous sommes penchés a l’analyser en nous occupant des signes verbaux, des signes gestuels-culturels et enfin des signes architectureux. Nous avons essayé d’étudier le sens et ses manifestations à travers les multiples registres de signes qui existent dans la culture.

This article unravels the concept of eco-trauma in American Indians’ lifestyle in Gardens in the Dunes (2000), a novel portraying eco-concerns of Leslie Marmon Silko (1948). Silko’s novel is preoccupied with ecological concerns of American Indians who depend on nature to continue their existence. Being detached from their ancestral lands, Indians encountered several psychological problems due to their indispensable loyalty to nature. This article focuses on the significance of environment and ‘place’ according to Lawrence Buell (1939), and traces ‘place’ as the center of feeling for a person. Cheryll Glotfelty’s connection between nature and culture, and Cathy Caruth’s perspective on trauma have been utilized to explain Indians’ psychological problems due to loss of ancestral lands. Eco-traumatic approach illustrates the interrelation of Native American’s identity and culture with their living place. Indeed, Indians return to their land to eliminate their environmental concerns. Their ceaseless effort to reverse eco-trauma by adhering to their ancestral ritual is also examined in this article. Silko re-emphasizes and stipulates that the notion of nature can consolidate Indians’ identity; hence, loyalty to natural environment ensures how Native Americans’ loss of land and nature opens up the experience of eco-loss or eco-trauma and diminishes Native Americans’ culture.

Sports tourism is one of the most attractive types of tourism that occurs in different regions and countries. This  tourism type is effective in economic fields and extremely significant in cultural and sportsmanship contexts.  To this end, the current research aimed to identify and explain the effective components of sport tourism in the  sublimity of culture and sportsmanship, conducted through a mixed method. This research approach was  sequential exploratory in two qualitative-quantitative phases, in which “thematic analysis” and “survey”  methods were used, respectively. The first phase’s statistical population included experts in sport tourism, sport  management, culture management, and sportsmanship, with 14 individuals participating in semi-structured  interviews using a purposive sampling method. After determining the effective actors in this field, 32 experts  responded to questionnaires using a systematic sampling method in the study’s second phase. According to the  research findings of the first phase, the themes extracted from the semi-structured interviews comprised 39  fundamental themes, 15 organizing themes, and four global themes. Per the second phase of the study’s  findings, all themes were approved by the experts, all determinants of the role of sport tourism in the sublimity  of sports culture and sportsmanship. As a result, sports tourism, while creating macroeconomic benefits for  residents and visitors, significantly contributes to the sublimity of sports culture and sportsmanship, where this  category can strengthen the value and ethical attitudes in addition to creating recreational experiences

To s tudy human social behavior concerning the environment, the concepts of privacy, personal space, and territory have been s tudied by interdisciplinary experts. Examining how behavior is formed in the environment is very important in improving the environment's design with the culture of uses. Since experts in the field of architecture and urban planning need to provide real and objective solutions, they often do not have the opportunity to conduct practical research on the concepts of privacy. Identifying the formation of privacy of users can be desirable in the design of new housing. By linking the main concept and how they are in the architectural elements of different cultures, a cultural pattern appropriate to each region can be achieved. The main purpose of this s tudy is to link the main concept with the cultural and architectural perspectives. This logical reasoning s tudy used content analysis in two fields privacy and culture. For this purpose, definitions related to the privacy of collection and the method of open coding of its categories have been extracted. Then the privacy layers are extracted using social sciences and environmental psychology s tudies by summarizing qualitative content analysis. The semantic model of Rapoport's cultural meaning and privacy are combined in the research, and the main matrix of how the cultural layers of privacy are formed is drawn. Based on this matrix, the layers of social behavior can be categorized from the initial qualitative-perceptual level to quantitative-behavioral.

The issue of culture is very important in the field of e-education. Accordingly, the purpose of present study was to investigate the learners’ cultural characteristics of e-education at PNU. The research method was descriptive and the instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed based on the four dimensions of Hofstede's cultural theory. These four dimensions investigated were power distance, uncertainty avoidance versus uncertainty acceptance, masculinity versus femininity, and collectivism versus individualism. Its content validity was determined by experts and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach alpha (83%). Participants were the students of PNU in Khuzestan province, who were studying in e-education courses in the academic year 2021-2022, and 897 participants responded to the online questionnaire using the available sampling method. Mean, standard deviation and one sample t-test were used for data analysis. The results compared with the test value of number three revealed: the mean of cultural characteristics of learners in PNU students in power distance are higher than that of the society mean, and the mean of the uncertainty avoidance factors is higher than the society mean and the mean of the factors of Uncertainty acceptance is lower than the society mean, in the dimension of masculinity verses femininity in both factors, the mean is higher than the society mean, in the dimension of collectivism verses individualism, mean of the factors related to collectivism is lower than the society mean and the mean of the factors related to Individualism was higher than the society mean. The research results provide guidelines for the design and implementation of e-learning courses.

The present study investigated the relationship between technology acceptance, electronic assessment (e-assessment) methods and the satisfaction of students at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran, using a descriptive-correlational design. The research population consisted of all the students (n = 14096) studying at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in the academic year 2021-2023. A sample of 387 students was selected using quota sampling. The data were collected using the Technology Acceptance Questionnaire (Teo, 2009) and two researcher-made satisfaction and e-assessment questionnaires, whose validity and reliability were estimated as 0.96 and 0.88, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). The proposed model was evaluated using a two-step approach (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988). The Baron and Kenny (1986) approach and Sobel’s test (1982) were used to test the mediating relationships in the proposed model and their significance. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between e-assessment and student satisfaction (β=0.78). There was also a positive and significant relationship between the degree of technology acceptance and student satisfaction (β=0.16), but no significant relationship was found between e-assessment and the degree of technology acceptance among the students (β=0.01). These findings imply that technology acceptance cannot play a mediating role in the relationship between e-assessment and student satisfaction at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. However, satisfaction acted as a mediating variable in the relationship between technology acceptance and the assessment method. Keywords: E-assessment, Technology Acceptance, Student Satisfaction, Students, University.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

The current research was conducted to analyze the components of intercultural competencies of senior managers in Iraqi health organizations with a qualitative method of thematic analysis using Sterling's (2001) approach. The research community was the senior managers of the Ministry of Interior, hospitals, and health service institutions of Iraq, among  whom 20 people were reached through purposeful sampling based on specific criteria, and data saturation was reached. Data validity was confirmed by two coders and external auditors. Results indicated that the 83 codes extracted in the interviews can be categorized into five dimensions: knowledge, attitude, insight, action, and intercultural ability. The results of the content analysis of participants' interviews showed that intercultural competency can be divided into five levels of knowledge, insight, ability, activism, and intercultural attitude, with ten components of intercultural awareness, intercultural education, understanding of cultural context, cultural self-efficacy, intercultural adaptation, intercultural sensitivity, intercultural experience, intercultural communication, intercultural positivity, and empathic attitude. To achieve effective intercultural communication, Iraqi senior managers need to learn intercultural competencies to achieve a high level of communication and development in health organizations.

The study of the cultural and identity status of societies affected by various phenomena and variables, including educational, cultural and artistic systems, is one of the fundamental special works in the field of political sociology. By studying and researching cultural and identity changes in societies, the researcher is aware of the reasons, contexts, effects and consequences of this. The present study investigates the effects and consequences of language hegemony on the culture and identity of language learners in the Iranian Language Center between 2005 and 2017. Accordingly, this research is classified as a descriptive research based on the result and purpose of applied research, and in terms of method, and in terms of data collection in the field of survey research. According to the sample size, 277 questionnaires were prepared and provided to students of the Iranian Language Center to collect information. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the Iranian society can be called a marginal society in which English is still recognized as a foreign language and not a second language. The two mechanisms of knowledge and educational skills, and in particular the centrality of the English language and culture, are very prominent and effective among learners and even English teachers. It is in such circumstances that it is possible to form and expand the hegemony of the English language in Iranian society as a result of the current trend of the development of this language, which has been associated with a kind of dependence of our educational system on the central communities; And acknowledged in the absence of any linguistic sensitivity or realistic and logical language planning.

Protecting the environment is one of the ways that the people of every society take to support the next generations, which due to population growth and technology, the biophysical environment is sometimes neglected. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between social capital and environmental protection behaviors. The research population was all the students of Hamedan University in the academic year 2018-2019, and 150 of them were selected by convenience sampling method, and the research questionnaires included the Social Capital Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Environmental Behavior Questionnaire (EBQ). completed Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and SPSS-22 software. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social capital and its components with environmental protection behaviors (P<0.05). According to these findings, it can be concluded that by strengthening social capital, it can be expected that pro-environmental behaviors will increase and better conditions will be provided for the future generations of the country.

The translation of cultural items from the Qur’ān and Islam can be challenging. This study investigated the strategies used by male and female translators to translate Qur’ānic cultural items, as well as the consistency of these strategies. The researchers first identified Qur’ānic cultural items from the preface to Ali Quli Qara'i's English translation of the Qur’ān. They then searched the Qur’ān for these items and extracted the verses that contained them. The researchers found that the most common strategy used to translate Qur’ānic cultural items was to replace them with a more general word. The second most common strategy was to paraphrase the item using a related word. None of the translators used the strategies of cultural substitution or illustration. The researchers also found that the three translators used similar strategies that were similar to other. Ali Quli Qara'i was the most consistent translator, using a single strategy in 82% of the cases. Tahereh Saffarzadeh was the second most consistent translator, using a single strategy in 80% of the cases. Muhammad Ahmed and Samira Ahmed were the least consistent translators, using a single strategy in 62% of the cases. The findings of this study suggest that there are a limited number of effective strategies for translating Qur’ānic cultural items. Translators are advised to be aware of these strategies and could use them consistently in order to produce accurate and faithful translations.

Typology solution in architecture science seeks classifying constructions and spaces in terms of join features. Typology studies can be infrastructure of design in micro and minor levels. Therefore being oblivious of it in architecture and city planning can lead to state of chaos in urban aspect and makes heterogeneous urban textures. Current paper seeks to find factors influencing on formation of different housing types in old texture of Gorgan and to generalize them in contemporary designs. By influencing in all ratios from residential areas to alley and neighborhood it can make a texture to solve problems such as density and transportation. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Information were obtained and analyzed by a combination of documentation studies and deep interview with experts` views where some questions were asked in old texture of Gorgan. The research findings indicated that economy factor has an effective role in type of design of old residential texture of Gorgan along with two factors of climate and culture. Economic factor has had abundant influence in size of houses, their communication and climate left influence in formation of appearance of buildings and their yards and finally culture left effect on religious factors, social relations, security and so on) finally the results indicate old texture of Gorgan apply certain and systematic principles in design in which all sporadic sections look like a uniform.

The currect study was conducted with the aim of designing and presenting a model of measurement for cultural development in the field of citizens&rsquo innovation and cultual products. The study wasconductedwith objectives in which, indicators and components presented in UNESCO 2000 and Abdi et al. (2015) model of measurement for cultural development were presented to 34 people in the form of a questionnaire in order to test and confirm them. The population for the study consist of all graduate and Ph.D. candiates (in their second or higher years of academic study) in Islamic Azad Univeristy, Science and Reseacrh Branch in Tehran and the Isfahan Branch. Participants were selected by the application of Cochran formula. In order to analyze the data, factor analysis was performed using Lisrel software. Finally, according to the data obtained and after the removal of several primary indicators, the finalmodel of measurement for cultural development was presented for the field of cultural innovation in the form of six main aspects: books, translations, newpapers and magaznines, artistics products, handicrafts and entertainment, and cultural services/activities/products.