مطالب

Background: The effects of wearing common masks during maximal exercise activities on individuals remain unclear.Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of wearing surgical and N-95 masks on physiological, perceptual, and performance responses in healthy men performing a maximal shuttle run test.Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy men (age 23.78 ± 2.0) participated in three sessions: without a mask, with a surgical mask, and with an N-95 mask, with a one-week interval between each session. After each test, physiological variables (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and oxygen saturation), perceptual variables (comfort/discomfort and perceived exertion), and performance variables (maximum oxygen consumption and shuttle run test duration) were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to compare differences between the conditions.Results: Significant differences were observed between the conditions with and without a mask in terms of oxygen saturation (P= 0.043), blood lactate concentration (P= 0.026), and perceived exertion, maximum oxygen consumption, and shuttle run test duration (P= 0.001), with the no-mask condition demonstrating superior outcomes in all variables. The type of mask (surgical or N-95) did not significantly affect the measured variables. Wearing both masks led to an increased sensation of moisture, heat, shortness of breath, and fatigue.Conclusion: Wearing masks, especially during intense physical activities, may impair physiological and performance metrics, recommending mask-free outdoor settings when feasible.

This article attempts to explore the influence of T. S. Eliot’s modernist poetics on the works of Iranian poets, Ahmad Shamlou and Sohrab Sepehri. It examines how these Iranian poets engaged with the concepts of “tradition,” “language,” and “myth” in their writings, drawing upon Eliot’s critical perspectives. The article begins with an overview of T. S. Eliot’s significance as an Anglo-American figure of twentieth century literature, and how his modernist themes and techniques resonated with Iranian poets navigating their own cultural transformations. It then reviews relevant secondary sources that provide critical frameworks for understanding the relationships between Eliot, Shamlou, Sepehri, and the broader modernist poetic tradition. The core discussion analyzes how Shamlou and Sepehri, inspired by Eliot’s innovative spirit, may have sought to redefine their engagement with Persian classical poetry. They utilized new approaches to language and expression to challenge established forms, especially through using defamiliarization and mythical method, while still drawing upon their rich literary heritage. By tracing these intertextual and cross-cultural connections, the article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the transnational circulation of modernist poetic ideals, especially Eliot’s preoccupations, and how they were reinterpreted and reinvigorated within the Iranian literary context. In fact, this comparative analysis sheds light on the complexities of cultural exchange and the evolution of modern poetry across geographic boundaries.

State-building in South Korea since liberation in 1945 has seen some successes. However, from a care perspective—considering that women and families bear the primary burden of care responsibilities, the discrimination and disadvantages caregivers face both at home and in the labor market, and the reality that few are willing to engage in marriage, childbirth, or caregiving—it is challenging to evaluate the overall success of state-building in South Korea to date. This article highlights the diverse temporalities that have emerged in modern state-building in South Korea since 1945 and examines how these various temporalities serve as structural constraints on care. Amid the compressed timelines of state-building, I analyze how care is systematically overlooked, silenced, and marginalized; how it is devalued; how it is relegated to women’s and family work; and how caregivers experience discrimination and disadvantages, alongside the ideologies, norms, and socio-economic and political conditions and circumstances that contribute to these issues.

The present explanatory mixed methods study was designed to investigate the difference between the effects of using the pyramid model of Willingness to Communicate (WTC) and Communicative Tasks (CTs) on reducing Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' speaking barriers. The participants were 57 Iranian EFL learners selected based on convenience sampling from a language institute in Tehran. The Preliminary English Test (PET) results verified their homogeneity. To foster a stronger spirit of cooperation among the participants, they were placed in three different classes based on their tendencies; hence, the researchers could consider them as three groups: the Pyramid Model Group (PMG), the Communicative Tasks Group (CTsG), and the Conventional Approach Group (CAG) each including 19 participants. The PMG received instructions pertaining to the six levels of PM in willingness to communicate (WTC), while the CTsG received instructions based on information gap, reasoning gap, and opinion gap activities. The CAG relied on the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM), which the institute regularly followed. Accordingly, the three groups went through pretesting, intervention, and post-testing. The participants completed a speaking barriers survey as pre- and post-tests. Then, ten participants from the three groups were randomly selected and interviewed about the impact of the methods they had experienced on their speaking barriers. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed the priority of the pyramid model of WTC over communicative tasks and conventional teaching in reducing learners' speaking barriers. The interview results also confirmed the quantitative findings indicating that anxiety, learners' low self-confidence, along with linguistic and instructional barriers could be reduced through being exposed to the pyramid model instructions. The results can be helpful for ELT professionals, EFL teachers and learners, and other stakeholders to hold more thriving L2 speaking classes.

One of the objectives of this research is to analyze the relationship between the quality of shared data and risk management in the supply chain. In this regard, a function for measuring visibility based on the data quality dimensions has been defined, and dimensions that are more significant in the downstream supply chain have been identified and introduced. Subsequently, a single-objective mathematical model for production planning, allocation, and pricing, considering data quality and risk was developed. Moreover, its applicability and validity were examined by solving a numerical example using GAMS software. This study highlights the importance of data quality in supply chain management, especially in the downstream supply chain where data quality significantly impacts decision- making. The results of this study can assist supply chain decision-makers in identifying the most critical dimensions of data quality and prioritizing their efforts to improve data quality. The proposed approach can also contribute to cost reduction and performance improvement by optimizing related decisions. Overall, this research contributes to the existing literature on supply chain management and data quality by providing a comprehensive framework for assessing the impact of data quality on supply chain visibility and risk management.

Purpose- In today's world, where the trend of tourism has changed from mass to individualistic patterns and tourists give more priority to flexibility and meaningful experiences, creative tourism is a new and interesting aspect in the field of tourism, where more attention is paid to tangible heritage to intangible heritage. From the point of view of the villagers, creative tourism means that the residents are passionate and proud of the cultural, natural, and physical environment of the village, evaluate the effects of tourism positively, and accept participation in tourism development programs, to finally be a suitable host in the relationship. To achieve this kind of tourism, various factors are effective in realizing this. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of behavioral and environmental factors in villagers' hospitability in tourism target villages of Kermanshah province with the structural equation analysis approach. Design/methodology/approach- Questionnaires were randomly distributed among residents. The statistical population of the research is 14 tourism target villages of Kermanshah province, which according to the census of 2016 (According to the latest population and housing census in Iran) has a population equal to 10039 people, and the size of the studied sample was estimated to be 380 people based on the Cochran formula. Also, an average of 10 domestic and foreign tourists from each village filled out questionnaires, resulting in a total of 140 questionnaires. Finding- The results showed that the effect of the behavioral factor on hosting was greater. In the sense that the perception, attitude, and participation of villagers will be good predictors for the realization of creative hosting. Also, the results showed that the highest average acceptance of host was in the villages Considering the geographical and environmental conditions and tourism of Shamshir, Harir and Hajij, which had the best condition.