مطالب

Converting unused offshore oil and gas installations into artificial reefs as one of the alternative methods of decommissioning, is used in many coastal states across the globe for the purposes of coastal management, enhancement and attraction of living marine resources, protection and preservation goals. Despite the positive impacts of artificial reefs, there are also potential negative impacts which require adequate maintenance of assets as well as, continuing monitoring and supervising. Although a lot of countries have comprehensive regulation on artificial reefs, many nations have blanket regulation requiring obsolete structures to be removed, yet it can bring about enormous environmental, socio-economic benefits. The sensitivity of deployment of structures as artificial reefs induced international and regional conventions to intervene and regulate the matter. The aim of this paper is to compare the most important international and regional conventions and critically compare and analysis them with the current Iran’s national laws and regulations. Iran is one of the biggest oil and gas producers and have a huge number of offshore installations which will require decommissioning in the coming years. Therefore, comprehensive national regulation should be enacted on decommissioning and also the possibility of creation artificial reefs. The authors seek out to evaluate the existing legislation in order to assess the potential capacity of Iran’s seas for converting the installations into artificial reefs.

In today's competitive world, competition from the level of companies is drawn to the competition between their supply chain. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a suitable model for identifying and ranking effective factors and key indicators related to the performance of the organization in the supply chain of Saipa Company . The research method is objective and applied in terms of method, descriptive and correlation. The research tool was in the qualitative section, interview and in the quantitative section, a questionnaire. Data analysis in the qualitative section was used to identify the dimensions of the variables with the help of the industry's elite and through the analysis of the fuzzy Delphi, which ultimately resulted in 179 components in four factors: " T echnology C apability", " I nnovation C apability", " C ompetitive A dvantage" and " Organizational P erformance" is identified. Fuzzy hierarchy analysis was used to rank the identified factors . In the quantitative section, structural equations were used to fit the model. In this regard, after reviewing theoretical literature and drawing up the original model, the research questionnaire was distributed along with the dimensions of 350 experts and managers of the Saipa group and supply chain. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by factor load method, Cronbach's A lpha and composite reliability coefficient (CR) and its validity was confirmed by convergent validity (AVE) and divergent validity. To evaluate the structural model, three coefficients of determination (R 2 ), index (Q 2 ) and statistics (GOF) have been used . The dimensions of each of the variables and the prioritization of the dimensions of the variables were determined. The results were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Software (SPLS) and the relationship between the factors was obtained and the proposed model was confirmed using factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques . According to the results of the verifiable analysis of this research model, it was found that the performance of the organization depends on the dimensions of " I nnovation C apability", " T echnology C apability" and " C ompetitive A dvantage" in the supply chain, and has a positive and significant effect .

An examination of some of the main ideas of John Rawls first two books, A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism and of the relations between these ideas. Particular attention is given to the sense in which Rawls’ theory is a liberal theory, and to the relation between the rationale for Rawls’ two principles of justice and his later ideas of overlapping consensus and public reason. In this paper I will offer an interpretation of some central features of Rawls’ theory of justice, features that are familiar but also subject to controversy. The question of how they should be understood bears on the relevance of Rawls’ theory under current conditions not only in Iran but also in the United States, where views opposed to liberalism have gained support.