مطالب

This article proposes habeas narrativum: a translation protocol that treats literary form as procedural evidence within legal discourse and converts scenes of injury in Kafka’s The Trial into administrable minima for decisions in informational regimes. Rather than reading Kafka as allegory or doctrine, the method isolates recurrent formal injuries (non-notice, non-reasons, secret files, and credibility theater) and renders them as four predicates that make authority answerable: (1) prospectively intelligible notice identifying the items at issue, the operative rule text, and the time window; (2) review-ready reasons that are case specific, traceable to the disclosed record, falsifiable by counterevidence, and timely; (3) access and rectification through a contestable record bundle; and (4) a standard of review that prefers evidence over demeanor heuristics and specifies remedies keyed to missing predicates. Read this way, The Trial functions as a forensic archive whose scenes document which minima are absent and, therefore, what a reviewer must be able to demand on the record. To demonstrate portability beyond the literary court, a brief platform-moderation mini-case shows how these predicates reorganize routine review: requiring itemized notices, record-tied reasons, and rectification channels without demanding model transparency, thereby turning literary diagnosis into enforceable review practice in contemporary legal discourse.

Problem Statement: The political arena of the Islamic Republic of Iran constitutes a site of confrontation among rival discourses that seek to establish their own hegemony through the semantic articulation of fundamental concepts such as the "People," "Guardianship," "Justice," and "Law." This competition, primarily between the Reformist and Principlist currents, not only shapes policymaking trajectories and the distribution of power, but also reflects a deeper semantic struggle over political legitimacy. Nevertheless, existing studies have largely been either mono-discursive or confined to specific historical junctures, leaving a noticeable gap in comprehensive analyses of this discursive confrontation across a continuous period. Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs Critical Discourse Analysis grounded in the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The data consist of official statements, key speeches, press materials, and documentary texts produced by the two dominant political currents during the period 1997 AD/1376 SH–2013 AD/1392 SH. These materials were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed with a focus on central signifiers and their modes of articulation. Findings: The findings indicate that the Reformist discourse, centered on signifiers such as the "People," "Law," and "Political Development," and the Principlist discourse, emphasizing "Velayat-e Faqih," "Islamic Values," and "Justice," each sought to redefine the field of meaning in their own favor. The study demonstrates that discursive competition during this period was dynamic, unstable, and highly contingent upon political and social contextual factors. Conclusion: The analysis of rival discourses during this period reveals that Iran’s political arena is characterized by an ongoing semantic confrontation in which each discourse attempts to establish hegemony by reconfiguring central signifiers and strategically mobilizing political and social contexts. This semantic struggle reflects a structural tension embedded in the relationship between republicanism and Islamism within Iran’s political system.

Objective : This research was conducted in two studies with the aim of investigating the mental health of adolescent girls who have relationships with opposite sex. Methods : The first study used a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method, and the second study used a quantitative approach and a causal-comparative method. In the first study, 12 adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 years old from Amlash city in 2025 who had a regular, daily, and at least one-year emotional relationship with the opposite sex were selected through purposive sampling and subjected to semi-structured interviews. In the second study, 30 adolescent girls who were in a romantic relationship with the opposite sex were selected and compared with 30 girls who were not in such a relationship. The research instruments in the second study were the Ryff Scale Psychological Wellbeing–Short Form (RSPWB-SF) and the Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Finding : The coding of the interviews in the first study revealed 3 main themes and 27 sub-themes. In the second study, the findings showed that girls who have an emotional relationship with a opposite sex partner experience a significantly lower level of mental health and psychological well-being than girls who do not have such a relationship (P < 0.05). Conclusion : According to the findings, it can be concluded that adolescent girls have their own concerns, fantasies, and worries about emotional relationships with an opposite sex partner, which requires the attention of families, schools, and culture-building in society to prevent psychological harm and reduce their mental health.

Objective: Among psychological problems, mood disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders impose huge costs on the society every year due to their recurring nature. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing parenting styles and psychological distress in patients with obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders. Methods: The present study was applied in terms of its purpose and employed a causal-comparative (ex-post facto) design for data collection. The statistical population consisted of all patients diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) who referred to psychiatric clinics in Ardabil during the second half of 2024. Participants were selected based on clinical interviews conducted by specialists according to DSM-5 criteria and their confirmed medical records. A total of 100 individuals (50 with Bipolar Disorder and 50 with OCD) were selected through purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Parenting Practices Questionnaire (PPQ) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). The collected data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Results: The findings indicated that although the OCD group reported higher mean scores in psychological distress and the bipolar group reported higher levels of authoritative parenting, multivariate analysis (MANOVA) did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the two groups (Wilks’ Lambda = .921, F(12, 284) = 1.00, p = .44). Similarly, univariate analyses (ANOVA) showed no significant differences in individual variables, including Depression (p = .35), Anxiety (p = .69), Stress (p = .42), Authoritative (p = .15), Authoritarian (p = .62), and Permissive parenting (p = .57). These results suggest that overall patterns of psychological distress and perceived parenting styles are largely similar across these two disorders, and the type of disorder alone does not account for substantial differences in these variables. Conclusion: Therefore, the current research emphasizes the importance of paying attention to parenting styles and psychological distress of the system in obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders.

The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the components of job enrichment, job security, and job dynamism are implemented in non-governmental primary schools in Zahedan during the 2024–2025 academic year. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of method, it is a descriptive study of the correlational type. The statistical population consisted of all primary school teachers in non-governmental schools in Zahedan (N = 750). Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table and using a stratified random sampling method, a sample of 375 teachers (165 females and 210 males) was selected. Data were collected using the Job Enrichment Questionnaire (McDowell, 2005), the Job Security Questionnaire (Nissi et al., 2000), and the Job Dynamism Questionnaire (Tez et al., 1997). The collected data were analyzed at both descriptive and inferential levels, including descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test, and the Friedman test, using SPSS version 28. The findings indicated that the level of implementation of the components of job enrichment, job security, and job dynamism in non-governmental primary schools in Zahedan was above the average level. However, from the respondents’ perspective, the implementation of the component of individual freedoms within job enrichment was not satisfactory. Among the job enrichment components, social interactions at work ranked first based on mean rank. Furthermore, among the components of job security, job choice received the highest mean rank. In addition, among the components of job dynamism, promoting organizational excellence ranked first based on mean rank. The results of this study can assist educational managers and policymakers in improving the working conditions of teachers in non-governmental schools.