درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

According to the orthodox view in Aristotelian tradition concerning the division of knowledge (ʿilm), some knowledge in the form of conception (taṣawwur) and assent (taṣdīq) is attainable (al-ʿilm al-ḥuṣūlī). The attainable knowledge is divided into primitive and theoretical. Regarding primitive knowledge, concerning “the conception”, knowing the language and noticing the word is enough to understand it without asking anyone,and concerning “the assent”, the assertion of which its ingredients are already knownis primitive and hence non-acquisitive if the knower immediately and without any investigation finds its truth-value. On the other hand, acquisitive knowledge is the knowledge about which the above conditions are not enough and the thinker should make some effort to obtain it, hence it is theoretical. However, according to Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, a famous Muslim philosopher, logician, and theologian, all “concepts” and all “assents”, are non-acquisitive although they may be divided into primitive and theoretical. His view leads to the conclusion that all sciences are non-acquisitive, that is, mankind does not have the power to acquire them, which is a counterintuitive view. Ṭūsī is the most famous critic of Rāzī. In this paper, first, I have examined Rāzī’s views and arguments and Ṭūsī’s criticisms. Secondly, I have suggested that Rāzī’s view is rooted in his theological viewpoint, which is coherent with Ashʿarite doctrine.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: This study discusses some main approaches in philosophical counseling and explains Ali Ṣafāei Ḥāeri’s approach based on his works. METHOD & FINDING: This fundamental and qualitative study adopted a theoretical descriptive-analytical method. Ali Ṣafāei Ḥāeri’s approach can be called a truth-oriented self-transformation approach based on logical and refined thinking. The difference between his approach and others is that he draws a coherent thought system in which each sub-approach has a specific place. Moreover, he does not consider human life confined to short-term material life.CONCLUSION: In his approach, thinking should be freed from deviations, and human knowledge should start from immediate perceptions by raising fundamental questions. In the right raw materials, deliberation is done, the power of thought makes conclusions, and the results are compared with the power of reasoning and emulation. The power of perfectionism determines the best goals and the best way to reach them while man chooses with his own free will. Using these cognitions, man reaches the correct worldview and understanding based on the truth about human beings, existence, creator, purpose, and role of humans. These bits of knowledge are developed through reminders and exercises, and the philosophical advisor plays his role in all these stages.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : There is a question that crosses the mind: Is the addict a criminal, an evil or morally deviant and we have to punish him and expel him from our lives Or has he become a victim of certain factors and circumstances and is now sick- as is the case of people with cancer- and needs someone to help and save him from what he is in and look for the best treatment until he is fully recovered? METHOD AND FINDING : As a result of fear for the reputation of the family in front of people, and instead of saving their children and looking for specialists in this field, some parents may deal with selfishness and adopt one of two negative methods of education in dealing with their addicted teenagers. First: Extreme cruelty such as contempt, beating, and expulsion from the home. Second: Severe neglect, non-involvement, and disregard for the wrong behaviors of children. That is why, as a matter of responsibility, we have searched this area for many years to save our children from all kinds of addictions. This guide is for parents and educators as it addresses the phenomenon of addictions in teenage years, examines the reasons why teenagers resort to addiction in order to avoid it, and studies the negative effects of addiction. It is intended to guide readers to educational, psychological, behavioral, social, and religious methods to treat each type individually. CONCLUSION : We have to change the way we think and consider the addict to be a sick person, not a pervert, who does not like and does not prefer the situation he is in. At the same time, we must consider that he has been trapped in addiction and cannot get rid of what he suffers from on his own.