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Michel Houellebecq describes an intense and visible reflection on contemporary society and the human condition. In his novels he uses the technique of literary paradox and expressing his opinions without any consideration or limitation, he is often considered a pessimistic writer. He describes his contemporaries carefully and frankly, and allows himself to formulate a strong and unequivocal critique of the state of the world. As a sociologist, Houellebecq strives to understand and depict modern society. His novels focus on contemporary society, a society in which it seems difficult to objectify human relationships, and where the person has become asocial and isolated, and is no longer able to communicate with others. The aim of his novels is to reveal the considerable problems of 21st century society through novels that show the insensitivity and alienation of people and which depict contemporary man as if he were imprisoned in his own mind. The objective of the present article is to analyze the influence of Schopenhauer's philosophy on the work of Michel Houellebecq following the method of intertextual analysis with emphasis on the idea of human suffering in Schopenhauer and Houellebecq.

 Les guerres tribales ainsi que les crises sécuritaires qu’on observe de part et d’autre en Afrique en général, et au Cameroun en particulier, ont multiplié dans les réseaux sociaux des plates-formes d’échanges. Ces dernières, en réaction aux évènements socio-politiques, laissent voir des discours passionnés qui dégénèrent très souvent en discours haineux.  Cette déviance s’explique par l’illimitée liberté d’expression qui caractérise ces fora (Facebook, WhatsApp, Messenger, etc.). Par ricochet, les partis sont hâtivement pris et chacun se donne à cœur joie pour défendre ses opinions dans ses plateformes virtuelles qui renforceraient une mise en scène discursive à visée pathémique. C’est ainsi qu’au terme de la présidentielle d’octobre 2018 au Cameroun, les résultats ont suscité, de la part des partisans des deux principaux partis politiques en lice (RDPC/MRC), des contestations ouvertes qui ont atteint leur paroxysme dans les réseaux sociaux. On a pu observer de la violence verbale qui transformait cet espace médiatique en un véritable champ de bataille : c’est le théâtre d’une argumentation de protestation qui place la violence verbale au centre des préoccupations du linguiste. Comment les internautes procèdent-ils discursivement pour mettre en scène l’expression de la violence sur les réseaux sociaux ? En d’autres termes, comment la violence se matérialise-t-elle verbalement et linguistiquement dans les réseaux sociaux ? Par le biais d’une analyse pluridisciplinaire du discours, le présent article se penche sur l’orientation argumentative de ces discours qui loin d’apaiser la situation, peuvent conduire à une sorte de déstabilisation de la cohésion sociale.

The incentive behind conducting the present study was initially ignited by the curiosity to examine the extent of Iranian EFL teachers’ familiarity with the concept of “critical literacy”. This qualitative contribution was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, an open questionnaire was developed and compiled after reviewing the literature, analysing existing questionnaires and gathering feedback from academics in the field. Qualitative data was then collected from 29 EFL teachers and analysed using an open questionnaire followed by an interview. The obtained data allowed the development of 23 questions for the interview part, which was accompanied by observing the online courses of all teachers by the researchers throughout the semester. It was concluded that the participants displayed very low levels of knowledge of Critical Literacy along with little, if any, application or incorporation of it. These findings may assist stakeholders in education, including second/foreign language (L2) policy makers, teacher educators, teacher recruitment institutes and material developers. They need to take appropriate action to enhance the critical literacy of L2 teachers before and during employment, thus promoting the implementation of this key concept in the pedagogical context of the process.