درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The usage of social theories in the human-built environment caused to enhance life quality. It may consist of human needs in residential areas. Sometimes, building codes can help to exist accepted life space, but the building codes do not have basic theory such as actual open space in residential plots. The study was an attempt to represent a new approach in urban land subdivision and the relationship between social theories and built up area. The research question was how to determine the open- space ratio. Main indicators were related to residential areas in urban areas in Iran which the lot size and urban density appear. The study tried to represent optimum open- space ratio based on Edward Hall's theory. The method was based on mathematical model and social theory. Finally, it resulted in optimum OSR in lot and it was not enough open- space ratios in existing situation.  This study came to this conclusion that existing open- space measure was not enough for any Lot in new residential areas based on mentioned theory. In addition, investigation showed that the human distances effected on open and built up space ratio in a new residential layout. It was concluded that every residential area can have an optimum open- space ratio based on its situation. The results can use new residential layouts for enhancing human-built environments, but it noticed that there are not certain tools for making high-quality environments based on social theories. 

Looking at the role of climate in indigenous settlements of Gilan, which are formed based on the Uniformitarianism principles for the environmental comfort of residents in the basic body, and stability and compromise with the natural factors, as a basic and immutable principle over time has created various species in its context based on the needs and availability of basic infrastructure. Gilan's Western plains, as a geographic split of microclimate (mild and wet), which has its own unique characteristics, in formation of variable species, according to the needs of households, in terms of population growth and vernacular materials, which is associated with the formation of a space with sustainable self-sufficiency for local residents, and in addition to optimal locating is appropriate in terms of orientation and e building elongation. Accordingly, the comparison between variable species in a microclimate (plain geography) with its own unique features will be obtained as separated assessments from body to climate framework, with deductive components which can form a native settlement, through field work on sustainable buildings in plain villages and functional analysis of samples, attached to professional population of Housing Foundation, which have special knowledge of the characteristics of rural housing related to rehabilitation and re-run today's models. Therefore, providing transparent assumptions on the challenges and principled solutions through questionnaires with derivatives percent available for population, has managed to improve the quality of the results of this study.

One of the mos t significant concerns of urban planners, at metropolitan cities, especially in old and worn out textures, is the reduction of the quality of life and the environment, so they are always seeking for a way to improve these qualities. Low level of available services and amenities, besides physical and social disorders, have caused numerous problems and have totally become as important factors of unsus tainability in such a metropolitan area. In this article, we aimed to identify those effective factors which contribute to environmental quality of neighborhoods, such as Cyrus in the city of Tehran, which have experienced urban decayed. A research method that was employed in this paper is descriptive – analytical. Data were obtained from ques tionnaires dis tributed to a randomly selected sample of 384 respondents also the interview technique was applied to gather data from residents. After that ques tionnaire was developed using the identified external and internal factors, and determined s trategies adminis tered to 30 experts in the field of urban planning. Further, experts participated in the formal group discussion in order to weight SWOT factors and prioritize the identified s trategies, respectively. The results of this s tudy sugges t that according to the perspective of residents, experts reflected in the s trategic analysis plan by using the SWOT, Internal and External (Matrix IE) and QSPM matrix; one of the key factors and the mos t preferred s trategy to improve environmental quality in Cyrus is considering social factors such as maintaining local and original residents, increasing safety/security, keeping identity of neighborhoods and creating open spaces and decent leisure places.

Architecturally, the Seljuqs' dominion makes a significant shift from the Pre-Islamic Sassanid squinches into a sophisticated transition mechanism employed to change the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base to set a dome which this initiated a new construction methodology to hybridize the previous experiences of Sassanid domes with new architectural tendencies since the previous understanding of the transition zone was a makeshift in quality, not consistent enough for future architectural adventures in creating larger structures. Although a cursory investigation of transition zones of Seljuq dome chambers in some respects might reveals a fairly homogeneous framework, it has never meant the stagnation of architectural creativity in different parts of Seljuk territory. On the other hand, the typology and local schools of Seljuq transitions zones of dome chambers have not been thoroughly considered by geographical centralism in Iran. For a better understanding of the standardization of various techniques considered in Seljuq architecture between 11th and 12th centuries in order to spanning the cubic structure to a circular plan, this project is aimed to clarify three various schools of architectural articulation concerning transition zone in the Seljuq dome chambers.