درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Energy efficiency is one of the most important lessons which may be learnt from all kinds of traditional buildings especially in oriental countries such as Iran. It is very important to explain and rethink about courtyard as an invaluable archetypes in traditional architecture of Iran. Literature review of the paper show that courtyard in general, is a place in which family in all kinds, gather for inter-generation relationships. In traditional architecture of Iran courtyard enjoys some practical functions as well as metaphorical ideas. This paper is to make a comparative modeling of summer courtyard and winter courtyard for cold climate with particular reference to Iranian cold climate in North West parts in which most of winter times, conventional courtyards are useless because of harsh climate. Thus the research focuses on analyzing temperature of courtyard in once in case – winter courtyard; and then in control – summer courtyard. Methodology of the paper focuses on case – control techniques in which one sample plays the role of case and the other sample is considered as control. Ardebil traditional houses selected as case studies of the research for modeling. The results of the paper emphasize on efficiency of winter courtyard in comparison with summer courtyard.

It is universally agreed concept that education is a corner s tone for socio economic transformation.  Education has been recognized as weapon to fight backwardness, poverty and illiteracy for ages. Experience have shown that all the good benefit of education has been assured only when there is quality education. However, there are visible indicators that education quality has not been s till achieved in the entire world. Particularly, education quality in developing countries is perceived as discouraging. Hence, the sharp decline of education quality is becoming major concern for developing countries like Ethiopia. This is also more serious concern in emerging regions like Gambella regional s tate where mos t people share pas toralism way of life. It is also unders tandable fact that there are locally known spatial and non-spatial factors that affect education quality. Therefore, the main objective of this s tudy was to identify spatial and non-spatial factors that influence educational quality of primary schools in emerging regions. As methodological approach, the s tudy was used descriptive design approach with mix of qualitative and quantitative method. The main data sources were both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from spatial and non-spatial data sources. The spatial information was mainly collected from GPS reading, aerial photo and land use plan. Non spatial primary data were collected using interviews and discussions. The perceptions and reflections of key informants (teachers, students, principals and parents) were entertained by using focus group discussion, key informant interview and public hearings. The secondary data sources were collected by means of desk review. As result, the study was found that education quality in the city is weakening. The underlying causes are, low teachers motivation level, high students- teacher ratio, high students- section ratio, lack of instructional materials, lack of infras tructure and facilities. From the spatial perspective, the education institutions are an unevenly dis tributed that students from the central part of the city are more advantageous.