درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

One of the most important models of motivational approach and avoidance, in recent decades, is the model of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) presented by Gray. The present study aimed at comparing the group metacognitive therapy (MCT) and group mindfulness acceptance and commitment therapy (MAC) on BAS and BIS of anxious professional football players in the U-19 league in Tehran. Participants in this study were 60 football players in professional football leagues in Tehran. These participants were entered into the assessment stage, and after obtaining informed consent, they were randomly assigned to one of the three experiment groups of MCT, MAC, and WL. The participants completed Jackson’s revised 5-scale of rewarded sensitivity theory in pretest, posttest, and three months follow-up stages. The results of the present study demonstrate that MCT and MAC can make some changes in BAS and BIS among anxious football players. MCT has been more affecting on BIS than both other groups. According to these findings, it would ensure that football players affected by anxiety can take the opportunity to gain advantages from such third-wave interventions.

The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the development of the electronic-marketing in the sports industry. The present study is a correlational and applied one. The statistical population consisted of 203 individuals including university faculty members, experts, managers of sport federations, members of sport federations board, and experts in e-marketing. The available non-random sampling method is also used in this research. Moreover, data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was extracted from two external articles. Besides, ten experts in sport management confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was likewise calculated using Cronbach alphas test. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results showed that sports marketing barriers were cultural and social, technical, legal and organizational, high cost, limitation of government support, lack of information, low skills of staff and finally security threats. It is suggested that the policy makers of the country's sports industry consider these barriers before developing strategies for developing e-marketing capabilities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting social loafing in sports leisure time of university students in Mashhad (Firdausi Mashhad and Imam Reza). The research method was descriptive-survey in terms of propose and field based in terms of the data collection. The statistical population consisted of male student-athletes of Mashhad universities from which 118 were randomly selected as statistical samples. The research instrument included a researcher-made questionnaire based on research background, the validity of which was assessed by six professors in the field of sports science and its reliability was also assessed by Cronbach's alpha test (0.84). Based on the results, the items of socio-sports loafing for students constitute 50.20% of the total variance and the model for assessing the causes of socio-sports loafing of students, based on the results of factor analysis, has appropriate validity. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between the causes of socio-sports loafing (dodgery, felling of self-inferiority, group characteristics and egocentricity) in students (P <0.01). Furthermore, the results of all factors are higher than the average. Considering the relative importance for each of the studied factors among athlete student, it seems that one of the important reasons for such a fact is the change in lifestyle and the tendency of people to use modern technologies, which reduces the activity of people in society, especially young people, young athletes and young students. Many of these people, due to their strong presence in virtual activities, are less inclined to do group work and are more likely to perform individual actions and achieve their personal goals.

The present article experimentally studied the impact of mindfulness-cultivating intervention on various dimensions of learning. The mindfulness-cultivation techniques employed in the experimental group involved observance of all experience, analyzing, planning, judging, reasoning, and fantasizing (van Vreeswijk, et al., 2014). Furthermore, Pirson et al.’s (2012) contention that mindfulness encompasses four facets of attributes:; novelty producing, novelty seeking, engagement, and flexibility informed the selection of techniques. Learners’ level of proficiency was checked before the treatment. Before and after the treatment, three questionnaires were employed: 1) Langer Mindfulness Scale 2) Reflective thinking questionnaire 3) Positivity Scale. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) results demonstrated, approximately 50 percent of variance in reflective thinking was predicted by these techniques. Furthermore, the results via independent samples t -test demonstrated that positive orientation and language achievement promoted in the experimental group, thus implying that the intervention executed in the experimental group was effective in enhancing these two factors as well.