درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper gives a pictorial view of the relevance of lean thinking, particularly the application of muda as a supplement to the sustainable improvement diagnosis technique of existing public office buildings, for a fuller assessment of users’ requirement in Nigeria. The impact of perceived muda was related to the triple bottom line of sustainable development on perceived job productivity and design features and estimated from endusers’ perspective, using diagnostic POE as data acquiring tool, while the confirmatory analysis was done through AMOS, SPSS and MS Excel to explain the relationship between the different variables. The findings showed that muda is inherent in public office buildings and it has highly significant causal effects of 0.66 and 0.76 respectively on perceived job productivity and design features; it also has strong effect sizes of 44% and 58% in explaining both their variances respectively. The result revealed that users require more improvement in facilities as against spatial plan and structures, while there is a medium and positive correlation of 0.48 between perceived job productivity and design features – implying that improvement in design features will consequently lead to improvement in perceived job productivity. The study concludes that lean thinking is relevant to building improvement and could serve as good supplement to the current improvement diagnosis of existing public office buildings, but not as a substitute since data were only collected from users who are not able to provide the required technical data that would otherwise warrant use of equipment.

Objective:   Marital relationship quality is a very important aspect in the relationship of couples and plays an important role in marital conflicts. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of triangulation with children in the relationship between attachment style and marital relationship quality. Methods:  The research method was descriptive, which was carried out in the form of path analysis. In order to conduct this research, 180 married people were selected from the counseling centers of Ardakan city by simple random sampling and the research tools included marital relationship quality questionnaire, adult attachment style scale and triangulation questionnaire. They answered the collected data were analyzed through AMOS software. Results: The results of the research showed that ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles have a positive and significant relationship with triangulation and triangulation also has a negative and significant relationship with the marital relationship quality. Also, secure (0.567), ambivalent (-0.454)  and avoidant (-0.433) attachment style have a significant relationship with the marital relationship quality. The results of investigating indirect relationships also indicated that the mediating role of triangulation with children was significant in the relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles with marital relationship quality. Conclusion: attachment style can affect the quality of marital relationship in conflicted couples by influencing triangulation with children. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the underlying factors of psychological separation between couples.

The investigation into the factors that led elites and experts to choose a different path for selecting a ruler after the demise of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), disregarding his directives, and the subsequent compliance of the people with them, is the primary focus of this research. The present study aims to uncover the factors that shaped the transformations at the time of the passing of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). Utilizing historical data and a descriptive-analytical method, it examines and evaluates the cultural life of Arabs in the context of selecting a tribal chief and their customs and traditions in this selection process. According to its findings, considering the large number of newly converted Muslims at the time of the Prophet's (PBUH) passing and the absence of a centralized inter-tribal government prior to his rule in Hijaz, the prevailing beliefs among Arabs in selecting a tribal chief-such as the disregard for the explicit instructions of the previous chief and the appointment of a ruler based on material criteria like physical appearance, age, etc.-are evident. Furthermore, if the Prophet (PBUH) issued a directive that did not align with the preferences of certain companions or was beyond their limited understanding, they would openly or covertly oppose it. The discourse of the elites and experts present at the Saqifah Bani Sa'ida in determining the successor to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) can be evaluated in this context.