درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Cities are prominent signs of civilization in every nation. The signs, old symbol of ideas, customs, relationships and interactions of people have played a role in the formation of cities and intertwined a set of environmental, geographic, climatic, traditional and religion combination. Historic cities in Iran are the most valuable cultural heritage that expresses the dynamism, vitality and symbol of urban life. Iconic  architecture  promotes the  identification  of  a  place,  city  or  area.  Structural, functional  and  artistic  aspects  of  architecture,  particularly  those  that  represent  unique features, attract tourists. Architectural and urbanity of ancient Iran have always attracted tourists throughout the world. These features include principles that have been manifested in the heart of the tradition. In recent decades, due to unbalanced expansion of cities and discontinuity of spatial organization, and arrival of new technologies, globalization and the space density, traditional city is far from its truth and it has created challenges for traditional urbanism and modern urbanism. Therefore, the main content of this paper includes and analyzes the commercial buildings in Tabriz bazaar and Khan Bazaar in Yazd and their effects on tourism and tourist attraction. Moreover, it represents the similarities and differences between these two places in Qajar era. Such a study appears to be essential as there is a lack of enough research in this ground. For this reason five commercial buildings in Tabriz and four others in Yazd were selected. Then an example of Tabriz and a similar sample were selected from the Yazd Bazar and similarities, differences in the tables were compared. Moreover, the mentioned places were considered from their touristy architecture perspective and their potentiality for attracting tourists The results showed that commercial building in Tabriz and Yazd did not have similar Plans. The studied places in Tabriz  have got more centralized plans and are octagonal, but in In Yazd bazaar the plans are more rectangular or roughly square. . The other difference is related to length and width proportion and there are such proportions like ( 3 to 1) and (3 to 2) and (3 to 5) for Tabriz commercial buildings and (1 to 1) and (4 to 1)  for Yazd commercial buildings. Also in aspect of their similarities, it is the ceiling structure in both vaults with brick façade. In terms of proportion, the filled  and empty spaces proportion is the same for both and they are (2 to 1), (3 to 2) and (5 to 2). From touristy architecture, the results showed that both Tabriz and Yazd enjoy various touristy architectures and have significant potentials for tourist attraction.

The Malmquist Index (MI) is a tool for analyzing the productivity. Considering its importance, different suggestions and studies have been offered on the Cost Malmquist Productivity Index (CMPI) according to existing conditions of decision making units (DMUs) and the available data. The present research aimed to provide a CMPI in a non-competitive environment in which the price data changes from one evaluation unit to another. Given the deficiency of Farrel’s cost efficiency (1957) and also the cost efficiency model presented by Tone (2002), and by taking advantage of the idea of changing the productivity of DMUs at different time periods, we presented cost Malmquist Productivity Index in the presence of non-identical prices for various DMUs, Then, we evaluate the data of the Iranian Stock Exchange by aforementioned Cost Malmquist Productivity index

Pop Art is the representative of a cultural identity that has been represented as a kind of art in the mid-twentieth century. It is based on the ordinary manifes tations of people’s lives, and by concentrating on media and propaganda it has become pervasive in a short time as if it is a newly emerged culture that has appeared not from the inside of community but from outside and by those sociologis ts who look at this culture, it is considered as an outgrowth of the conditions created by modern centralism and individualism. But where is the position of reality in this emerging art? Focusing on the general audience and everyday subjects became the basis of the work of this art, which was able to be in line with trade and its goals. The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteris tics of Pop art, which can be considered as the firs t sparks of the return of representation in pos t-modern craft, which bases its work on pretense. In this s tudy, it has tried to use the text content analysis method to Pop art indexes while comparing to the other arts such as elite and folk culture. The results indicate that paying attention to the Pop culture, and reproduction of images by emphasizing on media, takes the art to hyper-reality. As another aspect, these are the media that direct the culture by determining the direction of Pop thoughts, lead the art, to create new forms of reality.