درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sports tourism development in job creation. The study was a descriptive survey study conducted in the field. The research population consisted of professors and graduate students studying sports management, entrepreneurship, and tourism at Tehran universities. The research samples were selected through a convenience sampling approach, and finally, 190 people completed the questionnaires. The instrument used in this research was adopted from library studies and literature reviews as well as interviews with five experts. This questionnaire has 10 items for the tourism development component, three items for the direct job creation component, and three items for the indirect job creation component. The face and content validity of the final questionnaire was confirmed by eight professors of sports management, entrepreneurship, and tourism. Convergent and divergent validity and composite reliability were checked and confirmed by the PLS software. Findings indicated that sports tourism had a positive and significant effect on direct job creation and all its dimensions; additionally, sports tourism had a positive and significant effect on indirect job creation and all its dimensions. The study results demonstrate that the development of sports tourism in Iran provides a basis for increasing direct and indirect job creation and permanent, seasonal, and part-time employment.

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the establishment of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge. To pursue this aim, Glaser's grounded theory was used as the qualitative research method. 16 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with academic and industry experts in the field of sports using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and the preliminary list of factors was identified through initial library studies. The 105 values affecting the development of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge were extracted through the open coding process. The final pattern was created using the results of axial coding, which revealed the identification of 12 subcategories, falling into two main categories: intra-organization (human resources, management, marketing, legal, and financial factors) and extra-organization (educational/creativity and innovation factors, economic, cultural-social, infrastructure, legal, policy-making, and support/protection). According to the findings of the study, the professional and comprehensive view of managers and scientific and executive officials on these mentioned factors can change the ecosystem of sports entrepreneurship in Iran, providing the necessary context and infrastructure, as well as the sports community's interest in entrepreneurship and the formation of knowledge-based companies. This is, of course, accompanied by long-term job opportunities for activists in this sector as well as the development of new and inventive ideas, goods, and services.

The purpose of the present study was to identify barriers to implementing innovation in sports clubs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research approach was mixed. In the qualitative part, interviews with 13 owners of sports clubs were conducted. The statistical sample in the quantitative part, based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), included 200 sports club owners in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran. The results showed that barriers to implementing innovation in sports clubs were individual, structural, and environmental obstacles. Considering the entrepreneurial ecosystem and all stakeholders involved in the sports community, providing favorable conditions such as intellectual property protection, financial support, research, and development support, as well as improving access to financial capital, can pave the way for the creation and implementation of sports innovations in clubs, especially in crises. 

Purpose: Leisure time is one of the vital issues in the dynamics of the education process and addressing this issue can untie the knots and the key to solving its problems and finally a strategy for planning to fill the leisure time of prisoners in a desirable and appropriate way The present study investigates the relationship between the status of sports in the leisure time of prisoners and its effect on the rate of prisoners' sleep . Method: The research method of this article is a library review. The researcher has reviewed the previous articles in the field of leisure and prison and searched for the keywords of leisure, prison, violence and sports . Results: Sport has an effect on prisoners, and sport has a positive effect on the well-being of prisoners’ and the prison community. Prisoners who exercise have low levels of depression, stress, anxiety and violence among other prisoners, and exercise is a strategic way to deal with imprisonment. Exercise can reduce violence in prisoners' leisure time . Conclusions: Prison has been one of the most important and long-standing parts of human societies in the world. Today, the approach of human societies to prisons and prisoners has changed and reform, rehabilitation and reconstruction have become the priorities of the managers of this sector. Exercise with its educational role by creating a happy atmosphere helps the physical and mental development of prisoners. Filling the prisoners' leisure time with exercise can be useful in preventing and treating some mental and physical problems of prisoners. Sports in prison according to the findings Research reduces crime and violence in cells .