درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper aims at investigating the acquisition of Italian complex predicates by native speakers of Persian. Complex predication is not as pervasive a phenomenon in Italian as it is in Persian. Yet Italian native speakers use complex predicates productively; spontaneous data show that Persian learners of Italian seem to be perfectly aware of Italian complex predicates and use this familiar feature as a bridge between their native language (NL) and the target language (TL). Elicitation of complex predicates in guided context seems to indicate that the Persian group learners’ group is strikingly uniform to the Native Speakers’ group and quite homogeneous with the control group of learners with NL other than Persian. This research shows that the use of complex predicates in Italian Interlanguage (IL) cannot be considered a simple effect of transfer، but could be also analyzed as a more general IL strategy.

اکثر تحقیقات در زمینه کاربردشناسی زبان بینابینی بر روی انجام و یادگیری کارگفتها توسط غیربومی زبانان تمرکز کرده اند و ادب را تنها یک امر جانبی انگاشته اند. تحقیق حاضر مربوط به ادب زبانی می باشد و سعی دارد تأثیر روشهای آموزشی متفاوت را برروی فراگیری مهارتهای ادب در انگلیسی بررسی کند. هشت گروه دانشجویان سال اول و سال سوم رشته های زبان انگلیسی بطور تصادفی به سه گروه آزمایشی (مطالب تقویت شده، تدریس آشکارو ایفای نقش) و یک گروه کنترل (نمایش صرف) تقسیم شدند. شرکت کنندگان در امتحان تافل، امتحان پیش آزمون و پس از آموزش هفت هفته ای مجموعه ای از مهارتهای ادب در امتحان پس آزمون شرکت کردند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که آموزش تأثیر معنادار مثبتی بر روی یادگیری مهارتهای ادب دارد و تدریس آشکار موثرترین شیوه آموزشی می باشد. شیوه های ایفای نقش و مطالب تقویت شده در رتبه های دوم و سوم تأثیرگذاری قرار داشتند. همچنین نشان داده شد که اگرچه سطح مهارت عمومی زبان تاثیر معناداری بر روی دانش مهارتهای ادب (توانایی تشخیص مهارت ادب مناسب برای هر موقعیت اجتماعی ) دارد، ولی تأثیری بر روی فراگیری مهارتهای ادب ندارد. یافته ها دلالت بر آن دارند که آموزش مهارتهای ادب را می توان در سطح متوسط شروع کرد و تدریس آشکار به همراه فعالیتهای ایفای نقش برای زبان آموزان بسیارمفید خواهد بود.

Reading comprehension ability consists of multiple cognitive processes, and cloze tests have long been claimed to measure this ability as a whole. However, since the introduction of cloze test, different varieties of it have been proposed by the testers. Thus, the present study was an attempt to examine the relatedness of Cloze-Elide test, Multiple-choice (MC) cloze test, and C-test as three different types of cloze procedure used for measuring reading comprehension. To this end, one C-test consisting of four short texts, one fixed ratio (n=7) multiple-choice cloze test, and one cloze-elide test were prepared from reading passages with similar readability levels. The participants of the study were 30 (male &female) freshman university students majoring in English literature. The results of ANOVA test showed that there were not any statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level of significance among the performance of the students on the three tests measuring their reading comprehension. Therefore, it was concluded that against the advocates of each test who claim superiority of it over the other types, these three types of cloze tests in this study assessed the reading comprehension in a similar way. So, the testers can be confident to make use of these tests as reading comprehension tests interchangeably.

Motivation can be conceptualized as a dynamic process which is a key contributor to mastering a second language. This study used the L2-Motivational Self System as the basis for a conceptual framework for studying the effects of external factors on learners' motivation. In particular, the role of teachers and parents was studied as the external facets of predicting learners' motivation. One hundred and twenty EFL teachers along with 1,270 of their students participated in the study. To measure motivation, the Persian version of Dörnyei's L2 Motivation Self-System Scale was utilized. Three key components of the scale, namely, criterion measure, attitudes to L2 learning, and instrumentality promotion were employed in measuring motivation. To assess the role of family in motivating learners, another subscale of Dörnyei's questionnaire, i.e., family influence was used. To gauge teacher burnout, the educator version of the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI-ES) was used. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was run to analyze the causal relationships among the variables. The results revealed that teacher burnout negatively influenced learners' criterion measure and their attitudes to learning English. However, the path leading from teacher burnout to instrumentality promotion was not significant. Furthermore, three direct, positive, and significant paths leading from family influence to learners' criterion measure, instrumentality promotion, and attitudes to learning English were detected. Finally, findings are discussed with reference to the context of Iran