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The extensive research done on the interrelationship between different social factors such as social class، gender and age and different linguistic variables has shown that these factors have important effects on the way language is used. Among these factors a special importance can be placed on age due to the role it plays in revealing different patterns of language use، such as the age-grading pattern، the normal pattern of age differentiation and the important patterns of language change which can inform us about the emergence of a linguistic form or the death of some old form. This paper is intended to examine the interrelationship between age and the usage of Shirazi vocabulary or lexical items. Sixty respondents belonging to 6 age groups of Shirazi speakers answered a 60-item questionnaire. Each item included one Shirazi word with its definition and sometimes a short example to clarify its meaning. The respondents had to choose between two choices: either they used the item or they did not. The analysis of the results showed that age was an influencing factor on the speech of the speakers as the older people had a large collection of active Shirazi words (they actively used all the words) while the younger generation had two collections of more active and less active Shirazi words and as the age of the subjects increased their mean scores which represented their usage of Shirazi vocabulary items also increased. These words were also used less among the more educated Shirazi speakers.

در این مقاله به این پرسش خواهیم پرداخت که چگونه میتوان به زبان آموز خردسال در یادگیری زبان خارجی کمک کرد. برخی از محققین بر این باورند که یادگیری اساساً فرایند بخاطرسپاری است. اهمیت مسئله ""به خاطرسپاری"" نزد کودک از همین جا نشأت می گیرد. یکی از عواملی که کودک را به سمت موفقیت تحصیلی سوق می دهد، فراگیری بهتر به خاطر سپردن است. برای دستیابی به یادگیری مؤثر نزد خردسالان، باید مهارت های یادگیری مناسب انتخاب کرد. محققین گروه برنامه ریزی عصب شناسی زبان، مهارت های به خاطر سپاری متناسب با فرایند یادگیری زبان خارجی نزد خردسالان را ارائه میکنند. برخی از توصیه های نظری این گروه را مورد مطالعه قرار می دهیم. بر اساس این توصیه ها فعالسازی منابع حافظه ای خردسالان با کمک مهارت های بخاطرسپاری دیداری مناسب، موجب فعالسازی نیمکرة راست مغز خردسال میشود. از اینرو یادگیری زبان خارجی استوارتر می شود. این نظریه یادآور می شود که روش دیداری برای یادگیری زبان خارجی نزد خردسالان مؤثرتر است.

The significance of error analysis for the learner، the teacher and the researcher is now widely recognized. Earlier studies of error analysis concentrated on intersystematic comparison of the “native language” and the “target language” and drew the required data largely from intuitions and impressionistic observations. This study was conducted on the basis of the following observations: (1) to restrict to the study of one area viz articles. (2) to avoid comparison in terms of the systems of native and target language. In this study the major areas of difficulties that students face in the target language، i.e. the occurrence of articles in different syntactic features was examined and an attempt was made to establish a hierarchy of difficulties 40 undergraduates faced in the use of articles. For testing the correct retrieval، a slightly modified version of Leacok’s essay ‘My Financial Career’ was prepared. It included sufficient examples of almost all the important uses of articles. The test was given to the subjects in the form of a running text. The responses of the subjects were analysed in terms of noun or noun phrases preceded by articles، noun or noun-phrases preceded by no article، and grammatical categories other than noun or noun-phrases proceeded by no article. The findings revealed that most of the errors the students committed were due to the nature as well as the grammatical complexity of the articles in English، i.e. L1 independent which cannot be explained in terms of transfer from the native language. It was also found that students’ competence using anaphoric reference is far greater than using cataphoric reference. The findings are interpreted to have pedagogical implications for syllabus designers and EFL teachers.