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Second or foreign language (L2) learners’ development of interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) competence to understand and properly interpret utterances under certain social and cultural circumstances plays a pivotal role in the achievement of communicative competence. The current study was designed to explore the effects of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) and asynchronous computer-mediated communication (ACMC) course modules delivered through social media networks (SMN) on the development of the Iranian L2 learners’ comprehension of implicatures. The participants of the study were 90 English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) undergraduate students attending three intact classes. The classes were randomly assigned to one control and two experimental (SCMC and ACMC) groups. An open-ended implicature comprehension test was used to assess students’ ILP development in this pretest-posttest comparison-group study. The control group received the traditional teacher-fronted instruction, and the S/ACMC groups received instruction via synchronous and asynchronous modules of SMNs for 4 months, respectively. Students’ attitudes towards the CMC-based courses were also sought. Split-plot ANOVA results indicated that both experimental groups developed significant ILP ability to comprehend and interpret L2 implicatures after the instruction; however, by comparison, the ACMC group improved more considerably. It is concluded that, first, comprehending L2 implicatures is not impervious to computer-mediated instruction and, second, different CMC affordances may result in differential ILP developmental effects in teaching L2 pragmatics. The findings can help L2 teachers decide how to use CMC affordances and SMN modules to raise L2 learners’ pragmatic awareness

هدف ازاین پژوهش بررسی تاثیردرسکارهای تصمیمی وجورچین بر تقویت توانایی های شنیداری و گفتاری زبان اموزان ایرانی درسطح متوسط بود. بدین منظور از میان 75 زبان آموز دختر ایرانی 60 نفر به عنوان گروه همگون از نظر تئانایی زبانی بر اساس آزمون نلسون انتخاب شدند. جهت سنجش توانایی های شنیداری وگفتاری زبان اموزان قبل وبعد از اموزش ازبخش های شنیداری وگفتاری ازمون PET استفاده شد. به منظور بررسی نقش درسکارهای جورچین وتصمیم گیری برتوانایی های شنیداری وگفتاری، شرکت کنندگان به دوگروه ازمایشی A و B تقسیم شدند. گروه ازمایش A براساس درسکارتصمیم گیری وگروه ازمایش B براساس درس کارجورچین درمعرض اموزش مهارتهای شنیداری و گفتاری به مدت 12 جلسه 45 دقیقه ای قرارگرفتند. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، امارتوصیفی واستنباطی محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد زبان اموزانی که درس کار شنیداری وگفتاری جورچین را تجربه کرده بودند بهتر از انهایی که براساس درس کار تصمیم گیری اموزش دیده بودند عمل کردند. یافته های این پژوهش ضمن تایید نقش آموزش درسکتر محور، موید نقش متمایز نوع درسکار در تقویت مطلوب مهارت زبانی مورد نظر می باشد.

This study aimed at gaining insights into students’ attitudes in the learning English using the Smart Board or Interactive White Board (IWB) technology in EFL classrooms. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate students’ attitudes towards the use of Smart Board as an instructional tool on student motivation, participation, interaction and retention for learning English in Iranian schools. To achieve this aim, an observation was carried out during lessons in the classroom by the researcher. A questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was also developed by the researcher based on an extensive literature review as well as related instructional theories. The researcher also conducted an interview to find the effect of Smart Boards on student motivation, participation, interaction and retention of information in English classrooms. Analysis of these three instruments yielded patterns of responses concerning how Smart Board or IWB technology can motivate the students and increase their participation in classroom. The results of this study also indicate that students interact more in classrooms where technology is used effectively. Finally, it was found that Smart Boards enhance students' retention of information and learning process in EFL classrooms. The findings of the study will carry important implications for students, language instructors, and administrators as well.

This mini-corpus, cross-linguistic, comparative, and norm-referenced study intends to render the most frequently and oft-used affixes in the written descriptive tasks in the performance of English language materials developers (ELMDs) and Iranian English language undergraduates (IELUs). Samples of writings of both groups were studied and analyzed through affixation principles. The frequency of nearly 63 affixes both inflectional and derivational morphemes was taken into account. The statistical analysis showed a highly significant correlation (.86) with (.75) coefficient determination (shared variance) between the performance of IELUs and ELMDs. The result of the study bears approximately a close resemblance to the findings by Bauer et al.(1982), Fry and Kress (2006), Honig, Diamond, Gutlohn, and Mahler (2000), and White, Sowell, and Yanagihara (1989). Finally, the implications of the study were taken into account.

Planning, monitoring, and evaluating one’s performance constitute individuals’ metacognitive strategies. Recently, metacognition has been conceptualized not only at the individual level but also at pair and group levels. The concept of socially-shared metacognition has arisen based on the idea that group members observe, control, evaluate, and regulate each other’s actions to promote the group’s problem-solving. This article investigated the impact of motivational scaffolds on a group of Iranian EFL learners’ individual and socially-shared metacognition. Two groups of 30 female intermediate learners participated in this study. In the experimental group, the participants received the teacher’s motivational scaffolds as she provided instructions and feedback throughout individual and collaborative oral and written tasks. On the other hand, the participants in the control group were asked to take part in the routine oral and written classroom activities. The participants’ think-aloud protocols in individual and pair activities were analyzed, and instances of metacognitive activities were identified. The data were analyzed through two Mann-Whitney U tests, and the results indicated that motivational scaffolds statistically significantly enhanced the use of metacognitive strategies at both inter and intra-individual levels. Implications for classrooms are discussed

Various studies have confirmed the influential role of corrective feedback (CF) in the development of different linguistic skills and components. However, little, if any, research has been conducted on comparing types of linguistic errors treated by teachers through CF. To bridge this gap, this study sought to investigate the linguistic errors addressed and the types of CF provided by teachers. To this end, the classes of 40 teachers teaching at the intermediate level were audio-recorded for two successive sessions. The detailed analysis of around 128 hours of classroom interactions showed that explicit correction was the most frequent CF type, accounting for 48.5 percent of all CF types provided, and recast was the second most frequently used CF type, constituting 29.5 percent of all CF types. All the other CF types (i.e. request for clarification, confirmation check, repetition, metalinguistic feedback, elicitation, and multiple feedback) constituted 22 percent of the CF. Repetition was the least frequently used CF type, amounting to 0.66 percent of the CF given by teachers. As to the linguistic focus of CF, pronunciation errors were found to be the mostly noticed target for teachers’ CF, constituting 47 percent of all errors addressed, while vocabulary was the least frequently addressed linguistic target, accounting for 17.5 percent of all errors. The study suggests that teachers prefer explicit corrective strategies over implicit ones and that they provide CF mainly to correct pronunciations errors. The study suggests that there is a need for change in the types of CF teachers use and the relative attention they assign to different linguistic error types they treat through CF

امروزه داشتن رویکرد ارتباطی-معنایی و یا به عبارت دیگر ارجحیت معنا به فرم و ساختار در زمینه زبان امری اجتناب ناپذیر در تهیه و تدوین دستور زبان های معنامحور می باشد. به نظر می رسد که تنها راه از بین بردن شکاف ناخوشایند در بین تمرین های دستور زبانی و یا به طور کلی تمارین مربوط به ساختار کلی زبان و فعالیتهای ارتباطی اتخاذ حرکتی روش مند می باشد که از معنا به سوی فرم و ساختار در حرکت است. برای رسیدن به این هدف آموزشی کوشیده ایم تا در این مقاله به معرفی دلایلِ لزوم آموزش گرامر معنا محور و همین طور روشهای آموزش آن بپردازیم. این پیشنهادات هر چند که ممکن است پایه ای نظری داشته باشند ولی در کاربرد آموزشی دستور زبان معنایی در دانشگاهای ایران مرحله ای اساسی و مهم به شمار می آیند. آشنایی مدرسین ایرانی زبان فرانسه با مفاهیم رویکرد مفهومی-کارکردی باید به شکلی کلی در نظر گرفته شود تا آنها بتوانند به نوبه ی خود این نقطه نظر آموزشی را در مورد ساختارهای زبانی بلافاصله پس از شروع کلاسهای آموزش زبان خود اتخاذ کرده و آن را به کار بندند. به عبارت دیگر، از نظر نگارندگان این مقاله آشنایی با معانی گرامری و یادگیری آنها در شروع آموزش هر زبان خارجی امری اجتناب ناپذیر است چرا که در صورت به کار نبستن رویکرد معنا محور در مورد گرامر یا همان دستور زبان در آغاز یادگیری آن زبان، زبان آموز از به کار بردن ترکیباتی که برایش نامفهوم هستند اجتناب خواهد کرد.

How language teachers talk is a key factor in organizing and facilitating learning specifically in language classrooms where the medium of instruction is also the subject matter. This study aimed to examine the extent and ways of teacher talk adaptation to students’ proficiency levels in the Iranian EFL context. Two EFL teachers who were teaching three different proficiency levels were observed and recorded. They were also interviewed to see if they would make any conscious effort to adapt to their students’ proficiency level. Furthermore, the students of the same classes were interviewed for the comprehensibility of their teachers’ talk. Data were analyzed for four major areas of adaptation including speech rate, vocabulary, syntax, and discourse. The results showed that teachers’ adaptation to students’ level does happen clearly for elementary students, but the adaptation boundary between the intermediate and advanced levels is fuzzy. The findings also indicated that in spite of what they think, teachers’ talk is not tuned to elementary students’ understanding.