درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

منوچهر، پسر جوان جم، موبدان موبد پارس و کرمان در سده سوم هجری، در پاسخ به بدعت برادرش زادسپرم، موبدان موبد سیرجان، در باب آیین تطهیر برشنوم، سه نامه به فارسی میانه به مردم سیرجان و زادسپرم و بهدینان ایران نوشت که مجموعه آنها موسوم به نامه های منوچهر است. منوچهر که خود صریحاً اذعان می کند در نویسندگی مهارت ندارد، علاوه بر عدول از قواعد صرفی و نحوی فارسی میانه، و نیز واژه سازی بی قاعده، واژه ها و اصطلاحات دینی و فقهی متعددی را در این نامه ها به کار برده که فهم متن را دشوارتر ساخته اند. بااین همه، شناسایی این واژه ها به غنای گنجینه واژگان فارسی میانه می افزاید. در این نوشتار دو واژه نشان شناسی و مسلمان با تکیه بر شواهد آنها از نامه های منوچهر بررسی شده اند.

هدف این مقاله، بررسی تغییرات فرکانس سازه با توجه به تأثیر بافت (کلمه/جمله) و جنسیت گویشوران است. در این پژوهش پارامترهای صوت شناختی فرکانس سازه های اول (F1) و دوم (F2) واکه های ساده و مرکب گویش کردی کرمانشاهی بر اساس 20 گویشور مرد و زن که در کل 5260 نمونة آوایی حاوی واکه های /i, e, a, ɑ, o, u, y, ɑi, au, ei, ɑu/ را در بافت کلمه و جمله در اتاق آکوستیک تولید کرده اند، مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد. نتایج نشان می دهد واکه های / y/ و / a/ به ترتیب بازترین و بسته ترین و واکه های /i/ و /u/ پیشین ترین و پسین ترین واکه ها در این گویش اند. براساس مقاد یرِ به دست آمده، واکه /y/ در این گویش واکة گرد محسوب می شود. طبق تحلیل های آماری، اختلاف میانگین F1 آغازه در بافت کلمه و جمله معنی دار است و در بافت کلمه بیشتر از جمله است، درحالی که در پایانه در بافت جمله بیشتر بوده است و F2 (آغازه و پایانه) در بافت کلمه کمتر از بافت جمله گزارش شده است. همچنین F1 و F2 در گویشوران مرد پایین تر از گویشوران زن است. در مجموع، بررسی فرکانس سازه های اول و دوم در گویش کردی کرمانشاهی حاکی از آن است که واکه های این گویش در بافت جمله به سمت مرکزی شدگی تمایل دارند.

Performance assessment is exceedingly considered a key concept in teacher education programs worldwide. Accordingly, in Iran, a national assessment system was proposed by Farhangian University to assess the professional competencies of its ELT graduates. The concerns regarding the validity and authenticity of traditional measures of teachers' competencies have motivated us to devise a localized performance assessment scheme. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a performance assessment scheme to be used as a benchmark for assessing the professional competencies of ELT graduates of this university. To this end, three assessment tasks and rating scales were developed, piloted, and administered. Next, Haertel's participatory approach was employed to set passing standards for the assessment tasks as well as the whole assessment scheme. Analysis of the data revealed inter-rater and intra-rater reliability coefficients of 0.85 and 0.89. The validity of the assessment scheme was also confirmed by experts' judgments made, to a large extent, on the correspondence between the target domain and test domain skills. Based on the results, the proposed assessment scheme is rendered more efficient and reliable in comparison to traditional tests with regard to the following dimensions: a) higher degrees of reliability and validity of the assessment scheme aimed at the improvement of licensure and program development; b) stronger evidence for inter-/intra- rater reliability and consistency of scoring; and c) an optimized and systematic procedure for setting passing standards based on the consensus of experts' judgments. It is believed that further development of the proposed assessment scheme unlocks its potential to be used as a large-scale teacher assessment model for Farhangian University.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of teaching developmental grammatical errors on translator trainees’ L2 paragraph writing ability. After the administration of Oxford Placement Test (OPT), 40 out of 100 undergraduate translator trainees were selected from the Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon branch. Further, the participants were divided into an experimental and a control groups. A pre-test of paragraph writing ability was administered to both groups and the participants were asked to write a paragraph about the selected topic. Then, the experimental group received 5 sessions of treatments on teaching developmental grammatical errors extracted from their previous writing performance while the control group received a placebo. After five sessions of the treatments, the post-test of paragraph writing ability was administered in which the participants in both groups were asked to write a paragraph about a selected topic. Three raters corrected the paragraphs. The scores were analyzed using the SPSS software by applying Independent sample t-test and Pearson correlation. The findings indicated that subjects in the experimental group showed significant improvement in their writing performance.

The aim of this study was to examine Iranian EFL university students’ level of anxiety and their perceptions towards in-class activities during speaking courses and possible causes of apprehension. Moreover, this study investigated whether or not EFL university students’ gender differences affect their perceptions of foreign language speaking anxiety. To this end, data were collected from 175 Iranian EFL learners; 125 females and 50 males through Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) adopted from Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986) followed by a structured interview. The findings showed that the level of females’ anxiety was significantly higher than that of males in impromptu speaking activities. Moreover, instructors could have an essential role in reducing the speaking anxiety. Results of the interviews confirmed the findings obtained through the questionnaire.