درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

مقاله حاضر به بررسی رؤیا در رمان مارسل پروست می پردازد. رؤیا تصویری ناخودآگاه است که در هنگام خواب ایجاد می گردد. پس این ارتباط بین رؤیا و خلق ادبی است که مورد نظر ماست. برای این منظور به ترتیب ارتباط بین رؤیا و واقعیت، ارتباط بین رؤیا (خیال پردازی در شب) و خاطره ی ناخواسته (خیال پردازی در روز) و نقش رؤیا در شناخت «من پنهان» یا «من عمیق» مطالعه می شود. همچنین به بررسی رؤیا از دیدگاه فروید در رمان مارسل پروست می پردازیم. در نهایت به این نتیجه می رسیم که رؤیا نیز به مانند خاطره ناخواسته، از طریق کشف من عمیق به خلق استعاره ی ادبی که یکی از اصلی ترین ویژگی های سبک مارسل پروست است منتهی می شود؛ و این همان نقش رؤیا در خلق ادبی است.

This article provides an overview of natural phonological processes in the dialect of Sistani Persian spoken in Iranian Sistan, and reviews theoretical implications of these processes. A representative selection of processes in the language is examined in reference to conditioning by surrounding segments and conditioning in reference to syllable structure. While assimilation and dissimilation are tied to segmental context, deletion, epenthesis and metathesis are considered in light of syllable structure requirements. Synchronically, natural processes include those that are of an allophonic nature as well as those which involve morphophonological alternation. The description of these phenomena is corroborated by a discussion of the application of natural processes in diachronic changes. The authors show that, in some cases, the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is violated in Sistani Persian. This phenomenon is attributed not to language-internal factors, but rather to the generalization of marked structures as a result of interference from Standard Persian.

در سال­های اخیر مفهوم تحول حرفه­ای در حیطه آموزش زبان دوم خصوصا عوامل تاثیرگذار بر آن در دوره پساروش از اهمیت بسیار برخوردار شده است. این تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه دلینگر و همکاران به ارتباط بین مولفه­های این پرسشنامه و سه عامل معلم شامل جنسیت، تجربه، و پیشینه تحصیلی می­پردازد. نتیجه تحقیق در مورد 59 معلم نشان می دهد که این عوامل عمدتا تاثیری بر برداشت معلمان ار کارآمدی خود ندارند. نتایج دال بر آن است که معلمان نیازمند رویکرد تامل­گرا هستند تا درک درستی از کارآمدی خود پیدا کنند.

This study aims to understand certain linguistic and semantic resources for the text construction, namely the constructs of cohesion, coherence. The analysis of cohesive ties was conducted on the writing samples of 40 subjects (20 most coherent and 20 least coherent) Iranian undergraduates of English. This prompted us to identify the dominant types of cohesive devices used in most coherent writing samples. The analysis of data revealed that both the writing samples were found highly dense in the use of reference. The correlation analysis also didn’t show any overlap between the referential ties and coherence.. Hence, we can claim that referential ties don’t play any role in making a text coherent. Among the five major types of cohesive classes, substitution and ellipsis were found least frequently used in both the writing samples. Their occurrence was less than 1%. It, therefore, seems that the two types of cohesive devices aren’t widely used in written discourse. In the collective data, since, their occurrence is not even noticed in any of the writing scripts where as they could be the most dominant type of cohesion of spoken discourse.

Motivation can be conceptualized as a dynamic process which is a key contributor to mastering a second language. This study used the L2-Motivational Self System as the basis for a conceptual framework for studying the effects of external factors on learners' motivation. In particular, the role of teachers and parents was studied as the external facets of predicting learners' motivation. One hundred and twenty EFL teachers along with 1,270 of their students participated in the study. To measure motivation, the Persian version of Dörnyei's L2 Motivation Self-System Scale was utilized. Three key components of the scale, namely, criterion measure, attitudes to L2 learning, and instrumentality promotion were employed in measuring motivation. To assess the role of family in motivating learners, another subscale of Dörnyei's questionnaire, i.e., family influence was used. To gauge teacher burnout, the educator version of the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI-ES) was used. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was run to analyze the causal relationships among the variables. The results revealed that teacher burnout negatively influenced learners' criterion measure and their attitudes to learning English. However, the path leading from teacher burnout to instrumentality promotion was not significant. Furthermore, three direct, positive, and significant paths leading from family influence to learners' criterion measure, instrumentality promotion, and attitudes to learning English were detected. Finally, findings are discussed with reference to the context of Iran

دراین تحقیق محتوایی با بکارگیری دیدگاه چند بعدی و تحلیل انتقادی بصری نماد های جنسیتی در سری کتابهای تاپ ناچ که از پرکاربردترین کتابهای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در ایران میباشند، مورد بررسی قرارگرفته است. برای این منظورشش تصویر از این کتاب ها انتخاب شده و از لحاظ حالت های معنایی ""بازنمادی""، ""تعاملی"" و ""ترکیب بندی"" مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. نتایج حاصله نشان داد که هیچ گونه پیش بینی قالبی و کلیشه ای در مورد جنسیت وجود ندارد و هر دو جنس مذکر و مونث عاملان اجتماعی در وضعیت برابری نشان داده شده اند. تحلیل انتقادی تصاویردر این تحقیق می تواند برای برنامه ریزان مواد آموزشی و نیزمسئولین انتخاب کتب آموزشی بطور کلی و کتب آموزش زبان انگلیسی بطور خاص اهمیت داشته باشد

Most studies within the area of genre analysis, particularly those conducted in Iran, have exclusively used text analysis. While such investigations have led to important understandings of generic features of texts, it can be argued that incorporating interview data for triangulation can lead to better understanding of generic features of texts. Along this line, this paper reports the results of a qualitative study of Persian RA abstracts written by native speakers of Persian. Taking a macro and a micro structure framework, this article will look into the ‘moves’ and ‘author identity’ in such RA abstracts. Two patterns are often associated with English academic prose: Introduction-Methods-Results-Discussion and CARS (Create-a-research-space) (Lores, 2004). This, however, did not seem to be the case in most RA abstracts under study. The other feature of Persian RA abstracts to be explored is the absence of first person pronoun. One preliminary hypothesis would be to attribute this to a carry-over of positivistic traditions (Hyland, 2001), though qualitative interviews pointed to a close link between lack of reference to self and modesty as a cultural norm among the participants under study.