درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present article investigates the stress pattern system of Central Sarawani Balochi (CSB), spoken in Sarawan located in Sistan and Baluchestan province of the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on metrical theory as developed in Hayes (1995). Correspondingly, the present research illustrates the position of primary and secondary stress in mono-morphemic words, verbal paradigms, compound words, complex words, pair words and simple transitive as well as intransitive sentences. The linguistic data are mostly based on the purposeful recording of speech gathered through interview and elicitation from the speech of 10 male and female language consultants with different social backgrounds. CSB data highlight that the stress pattern system in this language variety is almost totally systematic; it is a language variety with iambic feet. Further, CSB data show up that stress is culminative at phonological level. It is also rhythmically distributed. The absence of stress assimilation is supported by CSB data as well. Since the location of stress is predictable, its stress pattern is fixed. The data, likewise, confirm that stress system in CSB is a mixture of morphological and rhythmic. Meanwhile, stress pattern in complex words indicate the suffixes attract the primary stress. Besides, in negative and prohibitive forms, prefixes m- and n- get the primary stress.

در این مقاله، مؤلفین به بررسی این موضوع پرداخته اند که آیا ایرانیانی که در معرض فرهنگ استرالیایی قرارگرفته اند، در پاسخگویی به تعارف ها و تمجید ها در مراودات بین فرهنگی، همچنان تحت تأثیر قواعد فرهنگی خود- به خصوص تعارف- هستند. بدین منظور، سی داوطلب (پنج مرد و پنج زن در هر گروه) در سه گروهِ ایرانیان مقیم ایران، ایرانیان مقیم استرالیا و استرالیایی های انگلیسی تبار به سؤالات پرسشنامه ی کتبی (DCT) پاسخ دادند. این پاسخ ها بر اساس دسته بندی هربرت (1986) طبقه بندی شدند. نتایج به دست آمده اگر چه حاکی از تشابهاتی در نوع پاسخ به تعریف و تمجید بین ایرانیان مقیم استرالیا و استرالیایی ها است، اما همچنان تفاوتهایی نیز وجود دارد. هدف این مقاله، کمک به آگاهی نسبت به زمینه هایی است که به صورت بالقوه می تواند موجب سوءتعبیر و اختلال در مراودات بین فرهنگی شود. این تحقیق همچنین می تواند کمکی در جهت یافتن راه هایی برای بهبودِ تدریس و یادگیری زبان باشد.

The assessment of listening abilities is one of the least understood, least developed and, yet, one of the most important areas of language testing and assessment. It is particularly important because of its potential wash-back effects on classroom practices. Given the fact that listening tests play a great role in assessing the language proficiency of students, they are expected to enjoy a high level of construct validity. The present study was dedicated to investigating the construct validity of three different test formats, namely, multiple-choice, gap filling on summary (also called listening summary cloze), and fill-in-the-blank, used to evaluate the listening comprehension of EFL learners. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, three passages with relatively similar readability levels were used for the construction of 9 listening tests, that is, each appeared in three formats. Following a counter-balanced design, the tests were administered to 91homogeneous EFL learners divided into three groups. The statistical analysis of the results revealed that the multiple-choice test enjoyed the highest level of construct validity. Moreover, a repeated measure one-way ANOVA demonstrated that the fill-in-the-blank task was the most difficult with the MC test as the easiest for the participants.

Following previous studies reporting a beneficial effect for pre-task planning on learners' task performance, the present research takes into account the possible effects of directing learners' attention to meaning and form of language on their written production while they have one- and five-minute strategic planning time. The study randomly categorized 48 intermediate learners of English into six groups and asked them to undertake a narrative task under formfocused, meaningfocused, and unguided planning conditions each with one or five minutes of strategic planning time. Their performances were analyzed by a set of fluency and accuracy measures whose results were put into one-way ANOVA. As for the comparison under one-minute planning condition, formfocused planners outperformed the other two groups in both measures. Similar results were obtained under the five-minute planning condition. The results also showed that five-minute planning condition enhanced the learners' fluency of production more than their accuracy, unlike one-minute planning condition. It is proposed that the formfocused planning condition better promotes writing processes than meaningfocused and unguided planning conditions; besides, the longer the planning time is, the more fluency is fostered whereas the shorter the planning time is, the more accurate the learners' production would be.

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of two multi-step oral-revision processes as feedback providing tools on Iranian EFL learners’ argumentative writing achievement. The participants taking part in this study were 45 Iranian EFL students who were randomly assigned into three groups. The participants of the groups were given three argumentative writing assignments, each assignment demanding three separate drafts. In the control group, the participants revised their essays in response to teacher's written feedback, while the participants of the two experimental groups experienced oral-revision talks with their teacher or a peer. Two sets of quantitative and qualitative data were collected: Argumentative essays written at the beginning and the end of the semester and interviews. The results of the quantitative aspect of the study revealed the significant outperformance of the two experimental groups. Moreover, the data provided through interviews revealed some differences in terms of the effectiveness of feedback between the two experimental groups. The participants of the peer-led group reported more awareness of the rhetorical structures and an ability to revise surface errors. While, the teacher-led group reported more global writing concerns like content, organization of ideas, and discourse. The obtained results point out that the mutual co-construction of participation roles and certain combinations of negotiation and scaffolding let the teacher provide a supportive conversational environment and assistance in accordance with the proficiency of learners of the teacher-led group to promote greater learner participation.

در این مقاله به این پرسش خواهیم پرداخت که چگونه میتوان به زبان آموز خردسال در یادگیری زبان خارجی کمک کرد. برخی از محققین بر این باورند که یادگیری اساساً فرایند بخاطرسپاری است. اهمیت مسئله ""به خاطرسپاری"" نزد کودک از همین جا نشأت می گیرد. یکی از عواملی که کودک را به سمت موفقیت تحصیلی سوق می دهد، فراگیری بهتر به خاطر سپردن است. برای دستیابی به یادگیری مؤثر نزد خردسالان، باید مهارت های یادگیری مناسب انتخاب کرد. محققین گروه برنامه ریزی عصب شناسی زبان، مهارت های به خاطر سپاری متناسب با فرایند یادگیری زبان خارجی نزد خردسالان را ارائه میکنند. برخی از توصیه های نظری این گروه را مورد مطالعه قرار می دهیم. بر اساس این توصیه ها فعالسازی منابع حافظه ای خردسالان با کمک مهارت های بخاطرسپاری دیداری مناسب، موجب فعالسازی نیمکرة راست مغز خردسال میشود. از اینرو یادگیری زبان خارجی استوارتر می شود. این نظریه یادآور می شود که روش دیداری برای یادگیری زبان خارجی نزد خردسالان مؤثرتر است.