درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The application of critical pedagogy in educational contexts has received adequate research attention over the last decades. The main focus of this strand of research has, however, been on raising awareness of the educators. Nevertheless, little is known about the consequences of the violation of critical pedagogy principles from EFL teacher trainers’ perspectives. To begin to address this gap in research, a qualitative (phenomenological) study was carried out to explore the main consequences of violating critical pedagogy in the higher education system of Iran. The participants were 15 faculty members of TEFL and English Literature at 10 Iranian state universities. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews and analyzed according to Radnor’s (2001) model. The results indicated that the main consequences of the violation of critical pedagogy were educational (related to teaching, learning, and testing), psychological, social, and ideological. Therefore, it was concluded that educators must follow the principles of CP in order to avoid the negative consequences and foster the learning and teaching processes more effectively.

این مطالعه به بررسی رابطة بین هوش هیجانی و خودکارآمدی بین 71 معلم زبان انگلیسی در موسسات خصوصی زبان می پردازد. برای این منظور پرسش نامه های خودکارآمدی معلم، هوش هیجانی و خصوصیات مردم شناسی بین معلمین توزیع گردید. نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که هوش هیجانی معلمین رابطه معنی دار و مستقیمی با خودکارآمدی آنها دارد و می تواند بصورت قابل ملاحظه ای میزان خودکارآمدی را در بین معلمین پیش بینی کند. همچنین نتایج این تحقیق تغییرات چشمگیری را در سطح هوش هیجانی و خودکارآمدی معلمین با توجه به خصوصیات مردم شناسی، وضعیت تأهل و سابقه تدریس نشان داد. بنابراین مضامین تحقیق مورد بحث قرار گرفت و پیشنهادهایی برای تحقیقات آتی داده شد.

As Schmidt (2008) states, deeper engagement with new vocabulary as induced by tasks clearly increases the chances of learning those words. This engagement is theoretically clarified by the involvement load hypothesis (ILH, Laufer and Hulstijn, 2001), based on which the involvement index of each task can be measured. The present study was designed to test ILH by evaluating the impact of 4 different reading-based tasks on vocabulary acquisition and retention. Investigating learners' beliefs about the use and effect of the tasks they performed has been another concern of this study. To this end, 120 female and male English undergraduates, attending Reading Comprehension 4 at the Islamic Azad University of Najaf Abad took part in the experiment. There were 4 intact classes that received 4 different tasks randomly. The first class completed an input-oriented task (multiple-choice questions or MCQ) with an ILI of 2. The second class completed an output-oriented task (sentence making or SM) with an ILI of 3. The third class completed an input-oriented task (multiple choice cloze test or MCT) with an ILI of 2, and the fourth group completed an output-oriented task (blank-filling or BF) with the same involvement load as that of the second class. The results showed that all tasks were conductive in vocabulary learning and retention. However the SM task was found to be the most effective of all. The task effectiveness which was asked through an interview with some of the participants, chosen randomly from each group, was in line with the above mentioned results. In other words, participants agreed that reading-related tasks could facilitate L2 vocabulary acquisition and retention. Concerning their opinions about task type, they found SM easier and more conductive to vocabulary learning and retention. The findings of this research could attract EFL and ESL teachers' attention to utilize the same task types in their classes in the form of class activities and could provide EFL and ESL students with an effective way of vocabulary learning and retention.                                         

تحقیق کنونی به ارائه چگونگی ساخت ، پردازش، و استفاده از لیست ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر می پردازد. هدف این لیست ارتقاء پایایی ارزیابی نوشتار مصححان هم به صورت فردی و هم گروهی می باشد. لیست ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر متشکل از 68 سوال است که در برگیرنده پنج جزء تشکیل دهنده نوشتار شامل محتوا، سازمان دهی، نحو، واژگان، و سجاوندی می باشد. با استفاده از این لیست و سوالات مربوط، هشت مصحح به ارزیابی نوشتار 20 نفر از انگلیسی آموزان فارسی زبان پرداختند. همزمان، از مصححان خواسته شد که همین 20 نوشتار را از طریق روش ارزیابی نوشتار کلی نگر تافل تصحیح کنند تا بتوان به مقایسه دو روش کلی نگر و جزئی نگر پرداخت. برای کنکاش پایایی فردی و گروهی مصححان، روش های آماری مختلفی شامل ضریب همبستگی، مدل راش ساده و چند وجهی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که لیست ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر شاخص پایایی بالاتری را هم به صورت فردی و هم گروهی در مقایسه با ارزیابی کلی نگر ایجاد می کند. تحقیقاتی که در آینده انجام خواهد گرفت، با در نظر گرفتن تعداد مصححان بیشتر و آزمودنی های تحقیق، اعتبار بیشتری بر تاثیر ارزیابی دوگانه تحلیلی جزئی نگر در مقایسه با ارزیابی نوشتار کلی نگر را کسب خواهد کرد.

Academic discourse enables others' voices in a text to be realized through conventionalized citational patterns. However, form amongst a variety of factors, one thing which may influence the way others' voices are textualized is writers' affiliations to different cultures. Following this assumption, the present contrastive study attempted to explore manifest intertextual constructions across the academic articles written by English and Iranian writers in the field of applied linguistics in a ten-year period (2000-2010). The typology of citation elaborated by Swales (1990), and subcategorized by Thompson and Tribble (2001) and Thompson (2005) were explored as the analytical framework of this study. The analysis demonstrated the dominance of different strategies of citations in the two corpora. The findings of this research may be helpful for novice writers and researchers in applied linguistics.