درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Sarhaddi Balochi dialect, a language variety of Western (Rakhshani) Balochi, employs derivation through affixation as one of its word formation processes. The purpose of this article is to present a synchronic description of the way(s) different derivational affixes function in making complex words in Sarhaddi Balochi as spoken in Granchin[1] district located about 35Kms to the southeast of Khash in Sistan and Baluchestan Province of The Islamic Republic of Iran. The linguistic corpus was gathered through fieldwork. The data were collected from the free speech of 10 uneducated native speakers including 5 males and 5 females of about 5o-80 year old living in Granchin with various social backgrounds. The findings of the research signify that complex words of this dialect are derived via derivational prefixes, infixes and suffixes, among which derivational suffixes are more active or productive. The research also shows that the main derivatives of this dialect are derived verbs, derived nouns, derived adjectives, and derived adverbs.

Incidental vocabulary learning is often seen as superior to direct instruction on many occasions. Meanwhile, upon the emergence of the World Wide Web, second language (SL) learners have been introduced to 'podcasts' (recorded audio and video online broadcasts) which could be authentic sources of vocabulary learning. The relatively recent phenomenon of video podcast (vodcast) might be considered as a reliable complementary source of input to the written text or the audio track which are predominantly used to represent the platforms of SL instruction. To examine this assertion, three groups of Iranian EFL learners (n=63) were independently exposed to different modes of input (the reading text, audio track, and vodcast) during a series of classroom sessions under highly controlled circumstances. Immediate and delayed passive recall tests of vocabulary were administered to investigate their incidental gains. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that both dependent variables (immediate and delayed recall) were significantly affected by the input modes. The post-hoc tests indicated no significant difference between the written and the audio groups while the vodcast group significantly outperformed the other two. The rich contextual clues made available by this audiovisual source seem to account for its superiority

This paper reports a study which investigated if there was a match between students’ English vocabulary size and the vocabulary load of a locally produced textbook. The analysis of the passages of the pre-university English textbook currently in use in Iran’s education system using RANGE program indicated that in order to comprehend the texts, students need to know not only words from 2000 high frequency word list, but also words from academic and low frequency lists. On the other hand, results of the 2000 vocabulary level test administered to 464 Iranian pre-university students, male and female, showed that students did not possess sufficient vocabulary knowledge in order to comprehend the texts and that their vocabulary knowledge was limited far below 2000 words. Other analyses of the textbook, including exercises and word glosses provided more evidence for the inadequacy of the textbook. The paper concludes that the pre-university textbook is flawed in terms of the required principles and standards in materials development which results in students’ frustration and disappointment in learning English. The findings of the study are discussed, which should be of much interest to local and international ELT stakeholders, especially textbook writers.

بررسی پیشامتن ها این امکان را فراهم می آورد تا به عمق عملکرد عناصری که در آفرینش صورت و معنای یک اثر نقش تعیین کننده دارند نزدیک شویم. خط خوردگی های یک چرک نویس در زمره مهمترین ابزاری قرار دارد که منتقد برای آگاهی از فرآیند خلق اثر که در دو مرحله تولید پیشامتن ها و متن نهایی (با کاربرد ارتباطی) محقق می شود بهره می گیرد. از آنجایی که خط خوردگی ها مرتبط با مکانیسم های دفاعی مؤلف هستند، تغییرات اعمال شده بر متن به نوعی گزارشی از جهش های روانی او را فراهم می آورد. بدین ترتیب، نویسنده به عنوان خواننده متن خود به گفتگو با آن می نشیند. در واقع، با خط زدن نویسنده میان ذهن و روان خود از یک سو و تولید متن از سوی دیگر ارتباط برقرار می کند. قلم خوردگی با آشکارکردن روند فکری خالق اثر از لابه لای دغدغه ها و تردیدهایش نشان می دهد که چگونه آزادسازی مکانیسم های دفاعی داده های معنایی را به عقب رانده و در زوایای پیشامتن پنهان می کند. تغییرات ناشی از خط خوردگی ها از عملکرد ضمیر ناخودآگاه فرد خبر می دهد و اینچنین است که منتقد با محوریت دادن به مفهوم «سانسور» سعی دارد از تمایلات ناخودآگاه او آگاهی یابد. از این منظر، می توانیم بگوییم که منتقد با ارزش بخشیدن به پیشامتن ها به حوزه روانکاوی وارد می شود تا از نزدیک عملکردهای پیشانوشتاری یک متن را توضیح دهد. در این گفتار، برآنیم تا با توجه به مسأله «سیر تکوینی متن»، جهش های ناخودآگاه را که در پیشامتن منعکس می شود بررسی کرده و مفهوم متفاوتی از «زمان» در تولید اثر ارائه دهیم.

The field of ELT is constantly witnessing the introduction of new instructional approaches: one such perhaps recent initiative is critical discourse analysis (CDA). Accordingly, the present study was an attempt to investigate the impact of CDA instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ descriptive and argumentative writing ability. To fulfill the aforementioned purpose, a sample TOEFL was primarily piloted among a group of 30 upper intermediate EFL learners by the researchers; with the acceptable reliability and item analysis indices achieved, then the researchers administered the test among another group of 90 upper intermediate learners. Ultimately, those 60 learners whose scores fell one standard deviation above and below the mean were chosen as the participants of the study and were randomly assigned to a control and an experimental group with 30 participants in each. Both of these groups underwent the same amount of teaching time during 20 sessions which included a treatment of CDA instruction based on Jank’s (2005) set of 14 features for the experimental group. A posttest was administered at the end of the instruction to both groups and their mean scores on the test were compared through a multivariate analysis of variance. The result (F = 14.41 and p = 0.000 < 0.05) led to the rejection of the two null hypotheses raised in this study, thereby demonstrating that the learners in the experimental group benefited significantly more than those in the control group in terms of improving their descriptive and argumentative writing ability. Hence, the major pedagogical implication of this study is that CDA instruction can be effectively used to assist EFL learners improve their argumentative and descriptive writing ability.

As the main part of a large-scale project, the present study investigated the relationship among reflective thinking, listening anxiety, and listening comprehension of Iranian EFL learners with regard to their proficiency level. To this end, 223 (106 intermediate and 117 advanced) adult male and female Iranian EFL learners from a private language institute took part in the study by completing the Reflective Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ) developed by Kember et al., (2000), the Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale (FLLAS) developed by Kim (2000) and a listening comprehension test selected from the listening part of IELTS. Using factor analysis and Chronbach’s Alpha, the questionnaires were revalidated and their reliability was re-estimated. The results of Pearson product moment correlations indicated there was a statistically significant: (a) positive association between reflective thinking and listening comprehension, (b) reverse correlation between listening anxiety and listening comprehension, and (c) reverse relationship between reflective thinking and listening anxiety of Iranian EFL learners. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated listening anxiety, compared to reflective thinking, was a significantly stronger predictor of listening comprehension. Additionally, the results of MANOVA revealed there was a significant difference between intermediate and advanced EFL learners with respect to their reflective thinking and listening anxiety. In the light of the findings of the study, foreign language education policy makers in general and EFL teachers in particular are thus recommended to introduce ways to enhance reflective thinking of the students and decrease their listening anxiety if they are to improve their listening comprehension. The results and implications of the study are discussed in more detail in the paper.

توسعه توانشهای زیر مجموعه زبان دوم تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلفی چون عوامل شناختی، فردی، و اجتماعی است ( الیس، 1994) که در این میان طیف وسیعی از عوامل فردی در مطالعات آموزش زبان مورد تحقیق و بررسی قرار گرفته اند لیکن تاکنون در این مطالعات هوش هیجانی به عنوان یک عامل فردی مورد توجه جدی قرار نگرفته است (پیشقدم، 2009). از سوی دیگر برخی از کنشهای زبانی که از جمله عناصر اصلی توانش کاربردشناسی زبان بینابین به شمار می رود دارای ویژگی «تهدید وجهه» می باشد. این نکته تاثیر و یا ارتباط هوش هیجانی - که ارتباط مستقیم با توانایی و مهارت افراد در مدیریت و کنترل احساسات دارد – را با توانش کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین بسیار محتمل می سازد. در مطالعه حاضر محقق به بررسی این ارتباط محتمل می پردازد و با این هدف پرسشنامه «بار-آن» به عنوان معیار هوش هیجانی ، آزمون تافل به عنوان معیار سطح مهارت و توانایی زبانی و دو آزمون کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین بر روی 52 زبان آموز ایرانی اجرا شده است. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها نشانگرعدم وجود ارتباط موثر و معنا دار میان هوش هیجانی و توانش کاربرد شناسی و سطح مهارت زبانی زبان آموزان می باشد در حالی که میان توانش کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین و سطح مهارت زبانی ارتباطی معنا دار و موثر وجود دارد. افزون بر این نتایج به دست آمده بیانگر آن است که هوش هیجانی نمی تواند به عنوان معیار مناسبی برای پیش بینی میزان توسعه توانش کاربردشناسی زبان بینابین و یا سطح مهارت زبانی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد و در نتیجه با استناد به نتایج تحقیق حاضر می توان گفت که در فرآیند یادگیری زبان دوم به طور عام و توسعه توانش کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین به طور خاص نمی توان هوش هیجانی را به عنوان یک عامل فردی تاثیر گذار و مهم به شمار آورد.