زهرا صادقی

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of philosophizing training on the inquisitiveness and creative thinking of sixth-grade students in Bushehr County. Methodology: This research method was among quasi-experimental studies. The statistical population consisted of 4,263 sixth-grade students in Bushehr County. The sample size included 40 students, obtained through cluster random sampling. The tools for data collection in this study were the Heydari Inquisitiveness Questionnaire (2013) and the Wiles and Dowell Creative Thinking Questionnaire (2002). The obtained data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate covariance analysis. Findings: The findings showed that the adjusted mean score of the inquisitiveness variable in the experimental group's post-test stage was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, it can be said that philosophizing training led to an increase in the inquisitiveness of the experimental group compared to the control group, indicating the positive impact of philosophizing training on the inquisitiveness of the experimental group relative to the control group. Additionally, the adjusted mean score of the creative thinking variable in the experimental group's post-test stage was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, it can be said that philosophizing training led to an increase in the creative thinking of the experimental group compared to the control group, indicating the positive impact of philosophizing training on the creative thinking of the experimental group relative to the control group. Conclusion: Therefore, philosophizing training were effective for improving inquisitiveness and creative thinking in sixth-grade students.

The novel as a modern literary genre is generally regarded as the realization of its main character's journey from immaturity to a status of maturity. The character, usually an uncomplicated person unable to cope with the complexities of life at first, gains an insight and understanding to handle his/her complex situation accordingly later in the novel. It is usually agreed in both literary criticism and linguistic criticism of literature that everything about a character should be established from the evidence of the text (see Fowler, 1977 & 1996 and Peck & Coyle, 2002, for instance). In the present study, the language of Tom Joad, the main character in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, was analyzed to reveal how his social position is established and how his transformation from a young farm-hand holding a carpe diem philosophy to a socially-wise reformist with a commitment to bettering the future is substantialized. Oriented towards a linguistic study of literature, the present paper employsSystemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as the analytic framework. The findings of the study may be useful especially for those involved in teaching English language through literature.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the components of enhancing dyadic ego strength (facilitating the transition from "I-ness" to "We-ness" in marital relationships) specifically for married individuals. The research setting included all texts related to the concept of "We-ness." Methods: The method for selecting texts was purposive sampling from among the aforementioned texts or related constructs within the time frame of 2010 to 2025, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The number of texts was determined according to the principle of data saturation. Data collection involved line-by-line analysis of texts based on questions relevant to the concept of "We-ness." The data obtained from the textual analysis were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method proposed by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). Findings: Content analysis of the texts revealed that dyadic ego consists of four key concepts: (1) essence (with sub-concepts of attention to marital union and dyadic identity); (2) dimensions of dyadic ego (with sub-concepts of cognitive, positive emotional, negative emotional, and behavioral aspects); (3) pathways to achieving dyadic ego (with sub-concepts of generative meaning of the marital bond, family values, and family goals); and (4) obstacles to achieving dyadic ego (with sub-concepts of individualism, lack of self-differentiation, and insecure attachment). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that dyadic ego is a mechanism that transforms the process of "I-ness" into "We-ness," and for its realization, couples must engage in pathways to attain it and overcome its obstacles.