درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Les termes relatifs à l’imaginaire dont « les symboles » provoquent une grande confusion dans le discours oral ou écrit et causent des problèmes en traduction. Si l’on ne détient pas la clé des mots symboliques du texte ou du discours, ils y restent un mystère et bloquent sa compréhension. Or, dans une interaction bilingue qui exige la traduction, il s’avère indispensable de transmettre dûment leur sens, de les adapter au texte cible et au cas échéant de les remplacer par d’autres pour dévoiler le vouloir-dire du locuteur ou de l’auteur. Pour faire réaliser cet objectif, on doit recourir à tous les procédés traductifs, linguistiques et stylistiques que les langues source et cible exigent. Pour donner un cadre pratique à cet article, nous avons choisi les symboles abordés par Sohrâb Sépéhri dans ses deux poèmes « Le bruit de pas de l’eau » et « Le Voyageur ». Vu la variété de domaines dans lesquels se répartissent les symboles sépéhriens, « les plantes » des textes précités ont été cernés pour étudier leurs connotations culturelles en nous référant à leurs traductions en français dans le livre Deux poèmes de Sohrâb Sépéhri (2015). L’examen des procédés traductifs des passages sélectionnés a mis fin à notre étude dans cette recherche.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been with us, for almost a year now. It has affected our lives in multiple ways and challenged our achievements as well. Daily life has changed in aspects we never would have imagined. We had to change our habits and behaviors quickly in order to assure the health of our family, our neighbors and the rest of the world. While facing this “unprecedented” situation, there are terms that appear to describe the health crisis and its consequences. This planetary pandemic has also changed human behavior. In this article, we will see how the word Covid-19, a real agent of change in our existence, initiated changes in language and our behavior. Indeed, within the generative process of meaning as envisioned by semiotics, Covid-19 is an actant that crosses the different stages of process, from denomination to discourse. The discursive effervescence of Covid-19 is narrative. It appears as the prototype of the anti-subject. Perfect and absolute embodiment of evil. A single narrative program motivates it: propagation. We also see that Covid-19 is no longer just the anti-subject of this story. It truly becomes the Anti-Sender, leading in the shadows an army of villains, capable of reinventing themselves at one’s leisure. This is a spectacular example of actantial cumulation.

The present study was an investigation of metacognitive strategy training on improving Iranian EFL learners’ listening performance and the differences and similarities at three levels of elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels. Few studies have been conducted to investigate three levels. So, 348 third grade female senior high school students of Zanjan/Iran were selected through multistage cluster random sampling method and based on Cambridge placement test (2010), 116, 132, and 100 students in 3 elementary, advanced, and control groups participated in this experimental study. During two months and over period of nine forty-minute sessions, students in experimental groups received metacognitive and listening instructions. To address the research question, ANOVA test was conducted and the results showed that there were meaningful differences between students’ performance and the students of experimental advanced group showed more improvement than students in experimental intermediate and elementary groups, and students of intermediate experimental group showed more improvement than students in experimental elementary group. The implication of the study is that metacognitive strategy training should be incorporated into the regular listening teaching programs to help students become more effective listeners.

Context is a vague notion with numerous building blocks making language test scores inferences quite convoluted. This study has made use of a model of item responding that has striven to theorize the contextual infrastructure of differential item functioning (DIF) research and help specify the sources of DIF. Two steps were taken in this research: first, to identify DIF by gender grouping via logistic regression modeling, an inventory of mostly cited DIF sources was prepared, based on which a list of demographic items was appended to the TOEFL reading paper only to be administered to the intermediate Iranian undergraduates; second, using multiple-variable matching regression (Wu & Ercikan, 2006), a built-in sequence was followed to let every potential DIF source be considered as a covariate, over and above the conditioning variable, and specify whether a particular ecological variable could reduce DIF value/status. Then, all significant variables were analyzed together to show the final DIF predictors. The same procedures, i.e., individual/collective analyses, were employed after the purification of the test. The results indicated three ecological predictors affecting DIF before and after purification: income, administration convenience, and SES. The ultimate predictors helped create an EFL configuration of the ecological model of item responding. The implications for validity arguments are also discussed.