درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Internationalization of businesses is considered as a key factor in economic development and growth of the economic entities. On the other hand, the ability of the system for endurance and reliability is inevitably dependent on the success that the system gains in communicating with the external environment; in other words, the sustainability of the system is entirely dependent on system capability for adaptation, change and responsiveness to the environment. Furthermore, Technology-based businesses are highly dynamic and use different internationalization patterns. A literature review shows that comprehensive studies have not been conducted despite the necessity of today's businesses to move toward sustainable internationalization. Therefore, this research examines existing patterns by presenting a model for sustainable internationalization in technology-based businesses. In the present study, 6 technology-based businesses in oil and gas industry have been investigated using a multi-case interview method. The validity and reliability of data collection tools have been confirmed. The results of the interviews performed during the two coding stages revealed that economic, environmental, social and technological factors are among the factors influencing the adoption of sustainable business internationalization strategies along with a focus on a sustainable business model. This study also presents different types of sustainable internationalization strategies and classifies the internationalization’s sustainability index into two categories of profitability and sustainability of relationships in the network.

The purpose of this study is to compare stringency of and compliance with environmental requirements in upstream sector of oil and gas in law of Iran and the USA. This study is conducted using the inter-spinned mix method (qualitative – quantitative). In the qualitative part, library studies are used. In the quantitative part, the studied society is a group of six professionals in the field of oil and gas, who filled out a questionnaire consisted of 34 questions prepared by the Worley Parsons in a similar research approved by jurisdictions of ten countries. The questions are prepared by a team of experts with international experience. The components of stringency and compliance with law during the phases of approval, operation, and closure of a hydrocarbon project are studied using the Delphi method. At the level of stringency, the environmental assessment in the US is carried out with 10 times more human resources and 26 times more costs than in Iran. In the US, with 13 scores, it is more stringent than Iran with 5 scores. In the project closure phase, Iran does not put in place any obligations for rehabilitation and restoration. At the level of compliance, the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) is mandatory in both countries. In Iran, the list of violations and their consequences will not be published. The US regulatory mechanisms of restoration are an appropriate model. Totally, Iran gains 29 and the United States 42 scores. The recommendations are based on these two scores.

International oil and gas investment disputes constitute an important part of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system. Investment arbitration which considers as a prevalent dispute settlement mechanism in this area is under serious criticisms, since it endures huge costs, causes length of process and devastates the parties’ long-term investment relationship. In the recent years, possibility of applying Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and hybrid dispute settlement mechanisms have largely discussed. Mediation-Arbitration (“ Med-arb”) ; is one of the hybrid and integrated dispute settlement mechanisms which embodies flexibility, non-judicial and negotiate-oriented benefits of mediation and finality advantage of arbitration simultaneously and in a single process ( not in separate processes). In this method, mediation is first attempted by the parties before arbitration could be started, If no settlement is reached during mediation phase, then the appointed neutral or mediator, will act as independent arbitrator(s) and proceed the case under the arbitration process and will render a binding arbitration award. In this method, if parties reach an agreement during the first phase (mediation process), they will not incur huge costs of lengthy investment arbitration. In this method, even If the first stage (mediation process) fails, since mediation process made the disputes more clarified and narrower, then the arbitration process is less lengthy and arbitration will be proceeded more efficiently. Moreover, both investors and host- states in oil and gas investment area, do have strong ambitions to maintain the investment relationships. These goals are achieved better via adopting med-arb proceedings.

<span class="H5CharChar"><span>This research identifies decision-making styles and components of succession planning and examines their relationship.The statistical population (190 people) in the present survey research consists of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) Organization managers who were assessed using the Census Method. Scott and Bruce’s general decision-making questionnaire and Kim’s succession planning questionnaire were used with a response rate of 90%. Data was analyzed with the SPSS and Smart Planning softwares. In analyzing the obtained results, the dominant decision-making style is rational, followed respectively by the intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous decision-making styles. By investigating succession planning capabilities, the results of the research showed that among items in the succession planning system, candidate evaluation ranked first, followed by policy setting, system evaluation, and candidate development respectively as the priorities of the statistical population. The research hypothesis based on a significant relationship between the decision-making styles and organizational succession planning capabilities was confirmed. In order to improve its human resources and bridge the gap with global standards, it is therefore proposed that the senior management of the organization take serious steps to implement the succession planning program. It is also recommended that other esteemed researchers carry out the present research again after the implementation of the succession planning program in the studied organization and compare the results before and after the implementation of the program.</span></span>

Foreign investment contracts are one of the major ways to absorb the technology in the oil and gas industry. Studies show that governments and investing companies prefer to gain more profit, control economic resources and political influence by investing financially and technically in developing countries unless buying foreign technology and intellectual property rights directly. On the other hand, for developing countries, the sum of foreign capital and technology within a contract is a great opportunity for advancement, provided that the choice of technology transfer is made with due regard to the country's needs, requirements and economic future. In this article, after examining the relationship between investment and technology transfer and its various methods in the oil and gas industry, we will analyze the constraints and barriers of technology transfer through foreign investment in developing countries (including Iranian law) and provide a solution. Keywords: Foreign Investment, Technology Transfer, Oil & Gas Industry, Mutual Trade, Intellectual Property Rights.

Iran is one of the most important oil and gas producing countries in the world with 153.8 billion barrels of crude oil and 33.5 billion cubic meters of gas has 9.3% and 18% share of total oil and gas reservoirs, respectively. Rich hydrocarbon reservoirs along with a special geographical location are of the most important competitive advantages of Iran. The oil value chain has a special place in the social, economic structure and level of development of Iran. In policy-making, especially in global equations and in the long run, where uncertainty is an integral part it is necessary to pay attention to this area. As a strategic knowledge, futures studies can play an important role in mapping the future. In current study, the possible and plausible futures of Iran's fossil energies (oil and gas) in the 2035 horizon are presented in the form of four scenarios. In an environment where variables are dynamic and constantly changing and uncertainty is high, using scenario building methods is preferable for long-term horizons. In this study, 30 drivers with high uncertainty and impact on the future of Iranian oil and gas were produced. Using the cross impact analysis model and the balanced impact model, out of 41,472 possible scenarios, 10 scenarios with maximum compatibility were obtained, that presented in four scenarios namely: clean scenario (low carbon), a bipolar Middle East scenario, a cooperation and development scenario, and finally a postponed dream scenario.

The liberalization of natural gas markets and the emergence of gas hubs in recent decades have shifted the natural gas trade from the regional to the global trade. The growth and maturity of these hubs have weakened the previously established relationship between the natural gas price and the prices of crude oil and petroleum products. Therefore, predicting the price of gas as a strategic commodity has become more important for different countries. Using the neural network method, this paper attempts to provide a model for the monthly prediction of natural gas price. Based on the time series data from 2012 to April 2019 as neural network input, this model predicts the prices in five hubs and natural gas exchange centers in Europe. Based on the R2 performance evaluation index of 98% in the neural network model fitted based on the aforementioned data series, the neural network model has an acceptable performance in predicting the natural gas price. The results of this study show that using the artificial neural network (ANN) method, the gas prices in the European gas hubs, which are located in European Country, can be predicted with a high accuracy.

<strong>Abstract</strong> The motivation of this paper is the way in which the alternative fuel modes for public transport are analyzed. The aim is proposing a hybrid method to select the best fuel for public transport. The buses with old and new alternative fuels are considered in this paper. Several types of fuels are considered as alternative-fuel modes, e.g., conventional diesel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel, bio-diesel fuel, and electric and gasoline hybrid engine. Moreover, many decision criteria categorized into performance, environmental, economical, infrastructure, technological, social, and risk are taken into consideration. The paper uses a hybrid multi-criteria decision analysis model to rank the fuel modes and/or choose the most efficient one. This hybrid method consists of rank order centroid method to assign the weights to the criteria, and additive ratio assessment technique to analyze the decision-making matrix. To demonstrate the applicability and flexibility of the model, a case study with data given by the experts from the respected fields is employed. The result presents that the liquefied propane gas (LPG) outperforms the other options in terms of the selected criteria.   <strong> </strong>

The transformational leadership is known as one of the most important and effective factors on organizational behaviors of the employee. Creation of the motivation and energy in the employees requires a leader with inspirational qualities. On the other hand, the organizational citizenship behavior is a factor in shaping. The current study was aimed at investigating the effects of transformational leadership on the employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, some personality traits are revealed in this study to be one of the main factors shaping the behaviors and to be moderating variables. The current study is of applied type in terms of the objective and a descriptive-correlational study in terms of data collection procedures. The data needed for the purpose of the study were collected by the use of questionnaire distributed among The 242 persons of statistical population, and these data have been analyzed by Structural Equations Modelling. The results indicated that all six hypotheses of the study were approved. In other words, the transformational leadership has positive and significant effects on both individual and organizational aspects of the organizational citizenship behavior. Also, the positive moderating role of neuroticism and extroversion in effects of transformational leadership on the individual and organizational aspects of organizational citizenship behavior was approved. The results show that the statistical community can utilize its human resources potential to create competitive advantage and develop the voluntary activities of its employees, provided that it is able to optimally implement transformational leadership style.

Since a major part of Iran petrochemical base products has been considered for export, it is essential and inevitable to consider international markets so as to examine the economic conditions of petrochemical development projects. The aim of the current work is to offer appropriate solutions to the facing challenges and to the development of innovation management model in the petrochemical companies producing polyethylene products and approaching new polyethylene goods. Data collection was conducted using the library and field studies; after taking these steps, 58 main indicators were considered by experts’ through screening among 130 extracted indices. Based on these indicators, a final questionnaire was designed by Likert scale and distributed. Finally, after receiving the comments of 105 managers and experts in 5 different petrochemical companies producing polyethylene on these indicators, the data were collected, and the research model was fitted using a structural equation and Smart PLS software. After fitting, 29 indices, 2 factors, and 6 dimensions were accepted for designing the model. The general dimension was composed of economic, organizational, regulatory, and supervision factors, while the specific dimension was formed of technological, technical, marketing, and systemic factors. According to the research conducted for successful innovation management, considering all the above-mentioned points is necessary in petrochemical companies producing polyethylene products. <strong><em> </em></strong>

For every organizational and project activity, decisions should be made to delegate necessary resources. The objective of the current paper is to assist the oil and gas managers in aligning each functional level of strategy to make decisions on resource delegation. This can be conducted by creating a synergy which increases organizational performance. The methodology used in this research is based on a case study on Iran’s South Pars oil and gas zone. The purpose of the present work is to find the alignment pattern classified on social structuralism domain. This study is explanatory, qualitative, and developmental since it applies the fuzzy set theory to measurements. Presented herein is a comprehensive model according to the systematic and scientific approaches in the field of management. The main purpose of this model is to create organizational strategy alignment in severe environmental conditions and in the presence of external economic sanctions in South Pars oil and gas projects. The statistical society included in this study were the managers and CEO’s who had in-depth experience in South Pars projects for more than five years. Since the number of the managers were 43, the possibility of data gathering allowed for not using the sample size. The results show that by increasing strategic alignment (SA) among strategy functions, structure, human resource, and technology, the level of organizational performance rises, and the fuzzy model of SA leads to better statement reality.       <strong> </strong>