کنش گرایی مادی: واکاوی کیفی جهت گیری ارزشی جوانان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ارزش ها، مجموعه ای از اولویت هایند که اهداف، کنش ها و مسیر زندگی کنشگران اجتماعی را تعیین می کنند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف فهم جهت گیری ارزشی جوانان شهر یزد، با رویکرد کیفی و راهبرد نظریه داده بنیاد نظام مند اجرا شده است. برای جمع آوری داده ها از تکنیک مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده کردیم. مشارکت کنندگان شامل 49 نفر از جوانان محله های مختلف شهر یزد در بازه سنی 18 تا 34 سال است. نمونه گیری از نوع نظری و هدفمند است و مشارکت کنندگان با در نظر گرفتن حداکثر تنوع از مناطق اقتصادی و اجتماعی مختلف انتخاب شدند. تحلیل داده ها با شیوه کدگذاری داده بنیاد در سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی تحلیل و در قالب ده مقوله اصلی و یک مقوله مرکزی دسته بندی شد. در فرایند تحلیل و کدگذاری به مقوله های اصلی نوین اندیشی، خودمداری، مادی گرایی، زیستواره مجازی، فشارهای چندجانبه، بازاندیشی، تعاملات بی مرز ابزاری، فقر چشم انداز، احساس بی هنجاری و ذهن مهاجر رسیدیم. کنش گرایی مادی نیز به عنوان مقوله مرکزی ساخته شد. براساس یافته ها، خودمحوری، مادی گرایی، عاملیت جویی و جهان گرایی (عام گرایی) مهم ترین مؤلفه های جهت گیری ارزشی جوانان مشارکت کننده در این مطالعه است. آنها به کنشگری و پیگیری عقاید و ارزش های جهانی/ مادی خود گرایش دارند و در پرتو اطلاعات دریافتی تازه از طریق فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، اقدام به بازاندیشی می کنند. راهبردهای کنش جوانان، پیامدهایی چون فقر چشم انداز، احساس بی هنجاری و ذهن مهاجر را به دنبال دارد.Materialistic Activism: A Qualitative Study on Youth Value Orientation
Introduction: A value system encompasses the social priorities that shape individuals' goals, actions, and lifestyles. It determines how people behave in society, what objectives they pursue, and how they regulate their interactions. A cohesive and integrated value system within a society sets the stage for individual and social development. However, Iranian society has undergone rapid changes across all domains, including modernization, emergence of new communication and information technologies, growth of national and global mass media, forces of globalization, and other factors that have led to cultural and value transformations. Different groups and institutions have responded to these changes in their own distinct ways. Similar to global trends, young people in Iran are questioning established and traditional identities and values. They are actively seeking new values and striving to shape their own independent, engaged, and individualized identities. Values lie at the heart of their narratives and experiences, influencing their understanding and interpretation of the world. To comprehend this value orientation, interpretative approaches are necessary as they provide a deeper exploration of the underlying layers of meaning. Qualitative methods are better suited for such an understanding, enabling researchers to delve into the profound aspects of value orientation. In this study, we adopted an emic-interpretative approach to explore the value orientation of young people in the city of Yazd. Our aim was to understand the dominant values in their lives, explore the sources and contexts of their value orientation, and gain insights into how they define and pursue their values. By engaging with the experiences of young individuals, we sought to uncover the intricacies of their value systems and the strategies they employ in navigating their lives. Materials & Methods: To comprehend the dimensions and constituent elements of the value system and explore the contexts, formation conditions, and consequences of youth's value orientation, we employed the systematic grounded theory approach (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). This method offers a systematic framework for categorizing findings and enables the extraction of innovative concepts and theories from the data. The research was conducted in the city of Yazd and our participants consisted of 49 individuals aged 18-34 years, who resided in the city. Selection of the participants followed a theoretical and purposeful sampling approach. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, which were guided by specific yet open-ended questions. Participants had the freedom to provide comprehensive responses to these questions. The interviews commenced with inquiries, such as their primary aspirations in life and their most significant wishes and priorities. Throughout the conversations, additional questions were developed in accordance with the research objectives. Each interview lasted between 70 and 90 minutes. The collected interviews were transcribed into a text format and initial edits were made to the interview texts during the open-coding process. Concurrently, new questions emerged, leading to subsequent interviews conducted alongside the coding process. In the axial coding phase, primary codes were refined and subcategories were developed by combining relevant codes. Through selective coding, we synthesized the related subcategories, resulting in the identification of 10 main categories. Through analysis and investigation, a paradigm model was constructed and subsequently, the core category was established. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: Through the analysis of the interviews, we constructed a comprehensive framework consisting of concepts, subcategories, main categories, and a core category. Over 700 concepts were derived from the participants' responses. By examining and consolidating similar concepts, we identified 69 subcategories. These subcategories were further classified, resulting in the identification of 10 main categories. These main categories included modern thinking, self-centeredness, materialism, virtual life, multi-faceted pressures, instrumental interactions, sense of anomie, poverty of perspective, and migrant mindset. The core category that emerged from the analysis was materialistic activism. The participating young individuals positioned themselves at the center of life, believing that they had the freedom to live according to their desires and shaped their actions accordingly. Their goals primarily revolved around personal aspirations. With access to various sources of information and the influence of virtual life experiences, they had broken free from the confines of traditional and social norms, forming their own opinions and values. While seeking liberation from the constraints of the past and predetermined traditions, they had embraced materialism and developed a thirst for consumption. Material resources played a central role in shaping their opinions and values and their actions revolved around materialistic pursuits. This process of opinion and value formation transcended local boundaries and adopted a global perspective. They perceived themselves as influential agents, actively determining their opinions and values with an emphasis on materialism and pursuit of wealth in all aspects of life. Their inclination was to achieve maximum well-being through increased consumption of luxury goods. The value orientation of the young participants in this study could be summarized into 4 main components: universalism, self-centeredness, materialism, and agency-seeking. These components ultimately manifested as materialistic activism. Universalism encompasses accepting differences in interactions, thinking beyond borders, and adopting a cosmopolitan outlook. It includes tolerance in everyday interactions and a global perspective in the broader context. In the dichotomy between universalism and particularism, young individuals tend to lean more towards universalism, embracing a cosmopolitan mindset. Self-centeredness refers to the prioritization of oneself, placing personal needs and characteristics at the center of social actions. In a world where trust in others is limited, young people focus on themselves, their needs, resources, and capabilities. In this interpretation, individuals are largely self-reliant. Agency represents the belief in their capacity to effect change in personal and social life. It opposes passivity and encompasses the essence of subjectivity. Individuals in such circumstances perceive themselves as capable of initiating change, feeling the need for it and having the conviction that they can shape the world according to their desires. Materialism entails the prioritization of needs, goals, and material resources. It underscores the significance of material possessions and wealth in shaping their value system and decision-making processes. The emphasis of young people on materialistic and individualistic values is a defining characteristic of modern society, which is recognized as a cognitive concept in contemporary sociological literature. This orientation seems to be shaped by two significant forces: local factors, such as economic crises, and global factors, such as the flow of information on a global scale. Today's youth live within a context heavily influenced by global information and communication technologies, which in turn impact their values. Reflexivity, as described by Giddens, is a defining feature of modernity. It entails the constant evaluation and modification of social functions in light of new information. Under the influence of media and new information technologies, we witness an accelerated reflexivity, expanding our social perspectives (Eliot, 2022: 157). As young people increasingly engage with media and virtual social networks, their desire for material values intensifies. Researchers, such as Benchman and Lemberg (2013) and Nik Maleki and Majidi (2013), have highlighted the role of media as the most significant factor in shaping the values of young individuals. Inglehart argues that communication technologies can lead to the growth of meta-materialist values (Inglehart, 2015; Inglehart and Abramson, 1999). The value and action systems of Iranian youth are shaped and evolving amidst global influences and local pressures. For many young people, the ability to express their true selves and create and present themselves as desired holds great importance. This reflects a desire for self-expression and alignment of actions with individual identity. Touraine (2022) refers to this sentiment in contemporary individuals as historicity. According to Thorne, we are transitioning from a world-centric view to a human-centric view of social life. In a society that embraces high levels of historicity, individuals are defined based on their actions and agency relationships. In such a society, morality is not solely based on obedience to authority or subjugation of interests and emotions. Instead, it is rooted in the desire for self-expression, recognition of others as individuals, acceptance of differences, and pursuit of individualization.
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