شیوع نقش های چندگانه در میان زنان و مردان میانسال ساکن در مناطق شهری ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ایفای نقش های گوناگون، بر سلامتی و رفاه فرد تأثیر می گذارد و معمولاً میان سالان بیش از دیگر گروه های سنی در معرض چنین وضعیتی قرار دارند. این مقاله با تحلیل ثانویه داده های آخرین پیمایش گذران وقت مناطق شهری ایران (99-1398)، شیوع نقش های چندگانه، شدت این نقش ها و ویژگی های اجتماعی-جمعیت شناختی مرتبط با نقش های چندگانه شدید را بررسی می کند. یافته ها نشان داد (1) نقش های چند گانه در میان سالی، از دیگر دوره های سنی رایج تر است؛ (2) چندگانگی نقش ها، به دلیل اشتغال کم زنان، در مردان شایع تر است؛ (3) زنان بیش از مردان درگیر نقش های چندگانه شدیدند و این الگو ناشی از مدت زمان زیادی است که زنان صرف فعالیت های خانگی می کنند. تفاوت های مردان و زنان در شیوع نقش های چندگانه و تأثیرپذیری شدت این نقش ها از جنس، سن، بعد خانوار، وضع زناشویی و تحصیلات، اهمیت بررسی تأثیر چندگانگی نقشی بر سلامت و رفاه میان سالان و طراحی مداخلات مبتنی بر شواهد برای بهبود وضعیت آنها را برجسته می کند.Prevalence of Multiple Roles among Middle-Aged Women and Men Residing in the Urban Areas of Iran
IntroductionBeing engaged in multiple roles can affect a person’s health and well-being and the middle-aged people are usually exposed to this situation more than other age groups. Most of the western studies that have looked at this issue with a demographic lens have introduced middle age as a situation of being caught or sandwiched between the needs of two generations (children and parents). On the other hand, increasing women's participation in paid work means that more middle-aged women are faced with a conflict between their work and family responsibilities, a phenomenon often characterized by the term "double burden" or "second shift" (Bratberg et al., 2002; Hochschild & Machung, 2012). According to the demographic changes of the family in recent years, living arrangements in mid-life have become more complex and heterogeneous (Demey et al., 2011) so that some researchers have used the term "cluttered nest" to describe this period of life, which is in contrast to the “empty nest” stage, that is, when all children leave the parental home (Lingren & Decker, 1992). The available data in Iran showed that the age transition of population has entered the middle-age phase since 2015 (the population aged 30-64) and will remain in this phase for several decades. It is predicted that the share of middle-aged people in Iran will reach more than 50% between 2026 and 2031 (Abassi Shavazi and Sadeghi, 2017: 46). This research aimed to expand the information about the role behaviors of this group by exploring the pattern of multiplicity of roles and its relationship with some of their social and demographic characteristics in the context of the urban society of Iran. The paper tried to answer the following questions: 1) What proportion of middle-aged women and men participate in multiple roles? 2) How does the pattern of mid-life multiple roles change based on people’s socio-demographic characteristics? Materials & MethodsUsing the data from the latest Time Use Survey of Iran, this article examined the prevalence of occupancy and intensity of multiple roles, namely paid work, domestic work, and parenting, as well as the socio-demographic characteristics related to it. The statistical population of this survey included all people aged 15 and older living in urban households across the country and the data included all the daily activities of individuals, as well as demographic, economic and social variables, at the individual and household levels.The impacts of socio-demographic variables on people’s intersectionality of roles were assessed using the Poisson regression in the STATA statistical package (version 17). The dependent variable was defined as the number of intense roles, which ranged from zero to three roles. The independent variables included gender, age group, marital status, education, and household size. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe findings showed that (1) multiple roles were more common in the middle age than in other age periods; (2) multiple roles were more prevalnent in men due to the low employment of women; (3) women were more involved in intense multiple roles than men and this pattern was due to the large amount of time that women spent on domestic activities.The results of Poisson regression analysis revealed that the household size reduced the number of intense roles for men and women. This situation indicated a wider division of labor in large households, which alleviated participation in intense multiple roles, especially for women. On the flip side of the coin, the findings showed that middle-aged people in smaller households faced more intense roles and therefore needed interventions to reduce this potentially traumatic experience. With increasing age, the number of women’s intense roles increased. This is in line with the hypothesis of role density in late mid-life and near retirement age (Patterson & Margolis, 2019). Married women were more likely to be engaged in intense roles than their widowed or divorced counterparts and college education reduced the number of intense roles for men, but a similar effect was associated with a lower confidence interval for women. Thus, midlife could be a difficult time for married women, who had multiple responsibilities, while being a wife and a housewife. Meanwhile, their physical abilities decreased with age, making this period stressful and unfavorable. In fact, the important finding of this article was the noticeable difference in the pattern of experiencing intense roles between men and women, which showed that the tasks related to the domestic role alone put a heavy burden on the shoulders of middle-aged women living in the urban areas of Iran so that its prevalence was more than 4 times that of the men’s heavy occupational role.Our results highlighted the need for investigating the impact of multiple-role occupancy on the health and well-being of middle-aged people at the national level and designing
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