مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

International Relations


۱.

Tension and Conflict Theories between Countries: Review, Critique and Presenting a Theoretical Model(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: ژئوپلیتیک سال نهم زمستان ۱۳۹۲ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۳۲)

کلیدواژه‌ها: conflict Geopolitics Keywords: Tension International Relations Nation-State

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۲۸ تعداد دانلود : ۷۳۰
Abstract Tension and conflict between political-spatial units in different local, regional, national, and global aspects have been a part of the human beings history on this planet. The nation-state countries as the most basic political units of sovereignty and authority in the territorial space, which is under their own control, have experienced relations based on tension and conflict with their neighbors due to their quest for national survival and expansion of their sphere of and to achieve national interests. In many cases, governments, because of their perspectives toward geographical and geopolitical factors and values both within and outside their territory, have hold inharmonious views with neighbors or regional and global powers and in such a case tension and conflict occurs. Considering the importance of factors causing tension and conflict in countries relations, different and various perspectives from different scholars and experts from various disciplines such as geography, political science, sociology, management, international relations, geopolitics as well as different schools of thought in this area have been presented. The research hypothesis is that most of the theories presented by professionals and scholars relating to the sources of tension and conflict between countries have uni-factor or multifactor essence and none of them have succeeded in providing a comprehensive theoretical model. Accordingly, this paper by using descriptive-analytic approaches and using library resources attempts to assess and evaluate theories related to the origins of conflict and tension between countries and by the means of criticism and analysis of theories provides a new theory in the field of factors causing conflict in countries relations.
۲.

Moderate Morality: An Interest-Based Contractarian Defense & its Applied Result in the Political Ethics of International Relations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۶ شماره ۲۱ 147 - 161

کلیدواژه‌ها: moderate morality allowing harm interest-based contractarianism political ethics International Relations

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۸۰ تعداد دانلود : ۳۶۲
What is morality’s scope? Should all our actions be evaluated morally? Is it necessary to be causally responsible for harm to have a responsibility to reduce it? Is there a morally relevant distinction between those consequences of our actions which we intend or do and those which we foresee but do not intend or allow but do not do? Is helping others a matter of supererogation (i.e. beyond the call of moral duty) or a matter of obligation? These are crucial questions that need to be debated in normative and applied ethics. However, they were not raised seriously and independently until the last decades of the 20th century. There are several answers to these questions. This paper defends the answers of an approach which is called “moderate morality.” So, at first, it defines “moderate morality,” and pays heed to the views of its opponents, including Peter Singer, Shelly Kagan, and Peter Unger. Then, it tries to defend “moderate morality” based on “interest-based contractarianism.” Finally, it examines “its result in applied ethics” and tries to find a reasonable answer to a crucial question in the “political ethics of international relations” in our globalized era: What moral obligation, if any, do we have individually and as a society toward the people whose basic human rights are being violated not only in our country but also all over the world?  
۳.

Dialogue Among Civilizations as a New Approach for International Relations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۱۳, Issue ۱ (۲۰۰۶) 21-30
تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۹
After the collapse of bipolar system in the world, different views and theories expressed by the scholars and thinkers about the future of the world and international system. One of them is the theory of “ The Clash of Civilizations” which was propounded in 1993 by the Samuel Huntington, the director of J.M.Olin Institute for Strategic Studies in Harvard Uni-versity. This theory caused some anxieties in the world. In reaction to this theory, Mohammad Khatami, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, proposed “Dialogue Among Civilizations” as a paradigm in the international relations which was accepted by the 53rd General Assembly of the United Nations on 3 September 1998 and approved a resolution for the purpose of promoting dialogue among cultures and civiliza-tions, and called the year 2001 as “the Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations”. This article based on both mentioned theories, refers to the role of dialogue approach in creation of peaceful relations between nations and states.
۴.

CEO Power and Sustainability Reporting in Iran: Effect of Life Cycle and International Relations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Finance, Volume ۴, Issue ۳, Summer ۲۰۲۰ 103 - 121

کلیدواژه‌ها: CEO power life cycle International Relations and Sustainability Reporting

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۹۱ تعداد دانلود : ۲۴۳
In recent years, corporate sustainability reporting and its effective dimensions on it have always been considered from the perspective of users of financial reporting. Sustainability reporting is the environmental, social, and economic achievements of a company and shows how the organization implements its development plans in the future, taking into account these issues. In this study, the relationship between CEO power, life cycle, and sustainability reporting has been investigated and the effect of international relations has been considered. To investigate this issue, 4 hypotheses were developed and tested with a sample consisting of 119 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2012 to 2019. The results showed that CEO power has a negative effect on sustainability reporting and life cycle has a positive effect on the relationship between CEO power and sustainability reporting. The results of the study did not confirm the adjusting effect of international relations on the relationship between CEO power and sustainability reporting, while the results showed that international relations hurt the relationship between life cycle and corporate sustainability reporting.
۵.

الگوی نقش ورزش در تبیین دیپلماسی عمومی ایران(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی مهر و آبان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۶۸ 230 - 263

کلیدواژه‌ها: Soft power Public Diplomacy International Relations Sports Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۱۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۳
این پژوهش با هدف بررسی الگوی نقش ورزش در تبیین دیپلماسی عمومی ایران انجام شده است. پژوهش حاضر در چارچوب رویکرد کیفی انجام شد و داده ها از طریق مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته جمع آوری شدند. جامعه آماری پژوهش، افراد متخصص و خبره در زمینه دیپلماسی عمومی و ورزش شامل اساتید مدیریت ورزشی (هشت نفر)، اساتید روابط بین الملل و علوم سیاسی (سه نفر)، مقامات عالی ورزش کشور (سه نفر) و ورزشکاران نخبه (سه نفر) بودند. روش انتخاب نمونه به شیوه هدفمند بود. روش جمع آوری داده ها به صورت مطالعه پژوهش های پیشین و مصاحبه عمیق و باز بود. برای سنجش اعتبار، انتقال و تأییدپذیری، یافته های پژوهش به مشارکت کنندگان ارائه شد. آن ها متن نظریه را مطالعه کردند و نظرهای آن ها اعمال شد. روش استفاده شده برای قابلیت اعتماد، روش توافق درون موضوعی بود. میانگین میزان توافق درون موضوعی برابر با 0.73 گزارش شد. براساس یافته های حاصل از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته، مهم ترین عوامل علّی مؤثر بر نقش ورزش در تبیین دیپلماسی عمومی ایران شامل قدرت نرم، اطلاعات و ارتباطات، درک و بصیرت هستند. عوامل زمینه ای شامل بازیگردانی و یادگیری و عوامل مداخله گر مؤثر عوامل محیطی هستند. همچنین راهبردهای مؤثر بر نقش ورزش در تبیین دیپلماسی عمومی ایران عبارت اند از: توانمندسازی، شبکه های ارتباطی و پیشران های عمومی. همچنین پیامدهای نقش ورزش در تبیین دیپلماسی عمومی ایران شامل کارکرد اقتصادی، کارکرد فرهنگی، کارکرد سیاسی و توسعه اجتماعی هستند.
۶.

A Theoretical Treatise on the Role of American Think Tanks in US Relations with the Muslim World: An Exploration into the Ideational Structures of American Exceptionalism and Orientalism(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۱, Winter ۲۰۲۱ 157 - 191

کلیدواژه‌ها: American Exceptionalism Constructivism International Relations Muslim World Orientalism think tanks the United States of America

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۷۳
As a theoretical treatise, the present article brings to light the applicability of constructivism to the study of think tanks as ideational agents actively participating in the construction of ideational structures that constitute American identity, interests, and policies. It is argued that when discussing think tanks’ production of expertise and policy advice on U.S. relations with the Muslim world, American exceptionalism and Orientalism operate as two interconnected ideational structures influencing the process. Based on a constructivist framework, an investigation into the role of think tanks in U.S. foreign policy should not begin at the final stage of policy formation; rather, it is necessary to look into how think tanks influence the process of policy making at the ideational level. As such, the characteristics of U.S. foreign policy toward the Muslim world will remain unchanged as long as there is an ideational commitment to the creed of American exceptionalism; that is to say, as long as American exceptionalism constitutes American identity, American interest, and thus American foreign policy behavior toward the Muslim world. Think tanks, as the special focal points at the intersection of the political realm, the academia, and the media, serve as the hubs of American exceptionalism and Orientalism. As long as this dual creed is continually reproduced in the think tank world, it is logical to conclude that no change is in sight with regard to U.S. foreign policy and American unilateral interventionism in the Muslim world. A break with American exceptionalism and Orientalism in the think tank world, in turn, would signal the beginning of a new era in the operation of American foreign policy.
۷.

China and Chabahar; Opportunities and Challenges of the Cooperation of Iran and China in the Indian Ocean(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 803 - 832

کلیدواژه‌ها: International Relations BRI INSTC Transit India Pakistan World order

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۸ تعداد دانلود : ۹۳
China has invested in the Gwadar port in Pakistan to create an economic corridor with the aim of connecting China to Central Asia through the Indian Ocean. This program is part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including several roads, sea routes, and corridors. On the other hand, India, a regional rival to China, is keen to invest in the port of Chabahar in the I.R. Iran to create the International North-South corridor, which can connect India to Central Asia, the Middle East, Russia, and Northern Europe through the Indian Ocean. According to these significant facts, two critical questions will be discussed in the present study: the first question investigates whether Indo-Chinese competition makes Chabahar and Gwadar rival ports, and the second question examines whether it would be possible for China to investigate in Chabahar as an alternative corridor. To address these questions, the present study hypothesizes that Chabahar can be an international port, fulfilling the interests of all parties, including China. This study is a qualitative research, based on the International Order theory by Hadley Bull, using the SWOT analysis in order to address the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of Iran-China bilateral relations in Chabahar for both sides. For collecting the data, existing documents and articles, as well as in-depth interviews have been used. Results indicate that the Chabahar port, as one of the main gateways to the Iranian transit corridors, could be a common point of Interest for Iran, India and China to create a regional order, based on cooperation in transit.
۸.

Tourism Development and Human Rights

نویسنده:
منبع: Tourism and Hospitality Research, Volume ۵, Issue ۳, Autumn & Winter ۲۰۱۷ 39 - 48

کلیدواژه‌ها: Human Rights international laws International Relations Tourism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۶ تعداد دانلود : ۸۲
The present paper is an attempt to integrate the concept of human rights in relation to tourism discourse and international laws and relations. In pursue of development, human rights are often mistreated while constantly supporting it will be more advantageous in long run. Economic development and prosperity of humans are among the most valuable motives for working on tourism development. It seems that there is no universally accepted definition of human rights but they are the basic standards without which people cannot live with dignity (D’Amore, 1988). This paper examines the effects of tourism and international laws relations on human rights to finally arrive at a comprehensive picture of this relation. In this regard, practical suggestions and guidelines of human rights for tourism and international relations are discussed. It is concluded that tourism constant development is not achievable until human rights is respected in international law and relations.
۹.

The Process of "Otherness" in the Islamic Discourse in International Relations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Islamic Political Thought, Vol ۹, Issue ۲, (Serial ۱۸), Fall ۲۰۲۲ 95 - 111
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۱
"Otherness" is one of the most important dimensions in understanding Islamic discourse in international relations. This arises from a critique of the ontology, epistemology, and methodology of the Western discourse of international relations. In fact, the formation of the Islamic discourse of international relations has two dimensions. On the one hand, the principles governing international relations with a focus on rationalist approaches are criticized, and on the other hand, its identity elements are presented based on the political discourse of Islam. This article tries to examine the process of otherness in the Islamic discourse of international relations by focusing on the Islamic Revolution of Iran approach in international politics.
۱۰.

Developing Sports Diplomacy Paradigm of Foreign Policy in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, Volume ۴, Issue ۲, May ۲۰۲۳ 740 - 751

کلیدواژه‌ها: International Relations Policy Soft power Sport

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۰ تعداد دانلود : ۲۲۰
Sports diplomacy is regarded as one of the most important communicative components among nations in their international relations. Regarding the mentioned fact, the main objective of this study was to provide a paradigm of sport diplomacy in the foreign policy of Iran. This is a qualitative study with exploratory nature by applying the Strauss and Corbin grounded theory approach. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews with 14 elites including sports experts and policymakers. Findings demonstrated 133 initial concepts in open coding, reduced into 27 categories, and categorized into six main themes to support the initial development of the model. The results showed that adopting appropriate strategies like managerial evolution, developing indigenous models, national brand-making through sports, educating and empowering human resources, legal and structural development of sports diplomacy, and cultural changes in Iranian professional sports could bring greater consequences that encourage governing bodies to alter attitudes toward the role of sports diplomacy, and to empowers foreign policy for strengthening mutual relations worldwide.     
۱۱.

The Emergence of an Islamic Approach in Post-Westphalian International Relations

نویسنده:
منبع: Islamic Political Thought, Vol ۷, Issue ۲, (Serial ۱۴), Fall ۲۰۲۰ 31 - 47

کلیدواژه‌ها: Islam International Relations Liberalism Realism Human Nature

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۳ تعداد دانلود : ۴۴
Islam has a specific approach to the nature of international relations, which is different from two main international discourses, namely, realism and liberalism. In terms of ontological and epistemological foundations, schools in international relations differ from one another and as a result, their approach to international relations is different. This paper intends to compare the ontology foundations of the Islamic approach to international relations in comparison to both realism and liberalism approaches. However, two questions are discussed in this article: First, what are the ontological foundations of the international relations approach? Second, what is the difference between the Islamic theory of international relations and liberalism and realism approaches?  The method of the research is analytical and the way of collecting is a documentary type. 
۱۲.

Justice in International Relations: An Islamic Perspective(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Islamic Political Thought, Vol ۸, Issue ۲, (Serial ۱۴), Fall ۲۰۲۱ 19 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: justice Islam International Relations Realism idealism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۲ تعداد دانلود : ۴۷
Justice has invariably been one of the most contentious concepts of religious and political literature among the various schools of thought and philosophy throughout the entire history of humankind. The different definitions, interpretations, and applications philosophers and intellectuals have postulated in relation to the topic of justice have constituted the focus of profound and contentious debates, the result of which has been the formation of numerous intellectual trends and schools. One of the more specific topics of discussion among these different schools of thought has been the scope of implementation of justice and the boundaries in which it ought to be enforced. It has been the conviction of many scholars and intellectuals that the enforcement of justice is necessarily confined within the boundaries of the state and as such to seek the rule of justice on a border scale in the international arena would be impracticable and unrealistic. In the course of the present article this author intends to examine Islam’s perspective and approach on the topic of justice in international relations, thereby underscoring Islam’s distinctive theoretical principles and approach, which differentiate it from other schools of thought concerning this topic.
۱۳.

Iran, the Pioneer of Nuclear Energy in the Persian Gulf: An Insight to 2030(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۳, Issue ۳۵- Serial Number ۱, Winter and Spring ۲۰۲۲ 61 - 88

کلیدواژه‌ها: Persian Gulf energy Security energy transition Iran Nuclear program International Relations

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۵ تعداد دانلود : ۳۰
The global nuclear energy scene is changing rapidly. Some countries are phasing out nuclear technology. Some are in the nuclear renaissance, planning to promote the most ambitious new construction programme. Statemen make the proper decision in nuclear policy striking the best balance of domestic energy policies, energy-concerned foreign policies, and the dynamism of international relations. This study tries to analyse the political aspects of nuclear programmes in foreign policies and international relations in the Persian Gulf region. The study examines the reasons why oil & gas producer states want to acquire nuclear energy/weapons. It reviews the structural, psychological, and technological dimensions of nuclear politics in a neoclassical realism paradigm to find the balancing energy strategies. The research examines policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Iran. Different states' power and different perceptions of the international system allow for explaining various role players in foreign policy and energy politics. The theoretical starting point of this thesis is Neoclassical Realism in the literature of international relations. This theory offers venues for the analysis of energy diplomacy. The theory concentrates on material power and underlines the importance of state domestic structure, as well as the statesmen’s perception of the international system. These aspects create the opportunity to explain the different positions of energy choices in foreign policies of different states.
۱۴.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Economy and the Emerging World Order Amid the Ukraine-Russia Crisis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۲, Issue ۳۵- Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۲ 397 - 420

کلیدواژه‌ها: Coronavirus International Relations Ukraine-Russia crisis World Power Balance Ukraine-Russia conflict

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲
Uncertainty, insecurity and complexity are some of the terms defining, now and in the future, the development process of the human species on planet Earth. There is plethora of evidence to substantiate this view. However, each epidemic has its own defining features, magnitude, and discernible impact. Societies are affected differently. It is shown that the events caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, called the "coronacrisis", directly affect the sphere of global economic (pandenomics) and political contradictions, including security issues. It is noted that the pandemic factor provoked an acceleration of confrontation between global players, strengthened the role of the institution of the nation state. In the context of deglobalization at the transregional level, under the slogans of "strategic vulnerability" and "economic sovereignty", nationalism and "protectionism 2.0" continue to grow, and multilateral international institutions continue to weaken. Against this background, the European Union seeks to achieve competitive advantages through the deoffshorization of production, industrial policy and the Green Deal. The article notes the deterioration of the state of affairs between Russia, China, the US and the EU. The article reveals further trends in the strategic decoupling of the United States and its European allies, draws attention to the incentives to implement the principle of "strategic autonomy" of Brussels.