political ethics

What is morality’s scope? Should all our actions be evaluated morally? Is it necessary to be causally responsible for harm to have a responsibility to reduce it? Is there a morally relevant distinction between those consequences of our actions which we intend or do and those which we foresee but do not intend or allow but do not do? Is helping others a matter of supererogation (i.e. beyond the call of moral duty) or a matter of obligation? These are crucial questions that need to be debated in normative and applied ethics. However, they were not raised seriously and independently until the last decades of the 20th century. There are several answers to these questions. This paper defends the answers of an approach which is called “moderate morality.” So, at first, it defines “moderate morality,” and pays heed to the views of its opponents, including Peter Singer, Shelly Kagan, and Peter Unger. Then, it tries to defend “moderate morality” based on “interest-based contractarianism.” Finally, it examines “its result in applied ethics” and tries to find a reasonable answer to a crucial question in the “political ethics of international relations” in our globalized era: What moral obligation, if any, do we have individually and as a society toward the people whose basic human rights are being violated not only in our country but also all over the world?  

Background: Organizational politics within organizations, like the power around the manager, is broad and widespread, and managers consider political behavior as a part of organizational life that is inevitable, and on the other hand, the impact of ethics on social and especially political behaviors is undeniable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and validate organizational policy indicators based on political ethics. Method: The method of the present study was integrated (qualitative and quantitative) and in terms of purpose was applied research. The qualitative section consisted of experts with experience in the field of political behavior who interviewed 11 people using purposive sampling. The texts of the interviews were also analyzed by coding method. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was the heads and experts of the Ministry of Interior (101 people). The sample size was selected based on Morgan and Krejcie table of 80 people by random sampling method. The research instrument was a completed questionnaire with 3 dimensions, 10 components and 99 indicators, the reliability of which was obtained by Cronbach's alpha test of 0.91. Structural equations with Smart Pls software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the organizational, personal and job dimensions had (0.57, 0.44, 0.37) direction coefficient in the organizational policy model based on political ethics, respectively, and the research variables could be 0.66, the perception variable. Predict organizational policy based on political ethics. Also, the overall fit of the model was evaluated at a very high level (GOF = 0.59). Conclusion: The model of perception of organizational policy indicators based on political ethics with 3 dimensions and 10 components has a good fit and can be considered as a suitable model of political behavior in public and private organizations in Iran.

Introduction: After the overthrow of the Achaemenid government by Alexander and the short-term rule of him and his successors, the Arsacid dynasty rose from the east of Iran. The Arsacid created a just and powerful government, but with all these powers, the Arsacid government, like others, suffered from political immorality, which gradually infiltrated its body and caused its overthrow. Over time, the internal conflicts over the power and the position of the king emptied this strong dynasty from the inside. The present study was formed with the aim of investigating the role of political immorality and power struggle in the decline of the Ashkan people. Material and Methods: This review article was done with a descriptive analytical method and investigated the mentioned topic using the library method. Conclusion: If political ethics is considered in the dimension of public policy, it can be said that according to the belief of many researchers, the Arsacid kings were the most just kings and they were less interested in building palaces and luxurious buildings and more focused on strengthening the economic body and distributing wealth in the society. But if political ethics is considered in the dimension of procedural ethics (or administrative ethics), it can be seen that as a result of trying to gain power under the influence of individual and group resources, a kind of quarrel and conflict was formed in the Arsacid dynasty which was effective in weakening the power of the Arsacid kings.