Teacher

When we speak of “training by means of questions”, as the most widespread form of training in language teaching, the question of self-assessment is more than ever vying for attention. Self-assessment is an active rational strategy of on-the-job training, which allows teachers to identify ways of improving their job skills. In this article, we intend to offer a pedagogical reflection, which, by providing teachers with the appropriate means, helps to assess their teaching efficiency, their autonomy, and real personality through proper self-awareness. For this, the contributions of self-assessment to on-the-job training are undeniable when it comes to managing one’s own shortcomings in teaching.

The purpose of this study was to examine the accords and discords between English language teachers’ and students’ perceptions of teacher interpersonal behavior in four selected secondary schools in Ethiopia. The samples of the study were 48 English language teachers and their respective 420 students. In order to collect data, questionnaires were administered to both students and teachers. To analyze and interpret the data, a two-tailed independent sample t-test was used. Accordingly, the findings revealed that teachers rated themselves considerably higher for helpful/friendly, leadership, and strict behaviors and lower for uncertain, admonishing, student freedom/ responsibility and dissatisfied behaviors as compared to their students’ rating of them. However, no significant difference was found between the two bodies for understanding interpersonal behavior. Similarly, teachers notably felt they were highly in control of classroom communications and had more affiliation/ connection with the students in the process of communications than their students’ perceptions of them. Hence, there were much discords between English language teachers’ and students’ perceptions of teacher interpersonal behavior. Following the findings, some recommendations were forwarded.

Teacher professional identity is widely acknowledged as a multi-dimensional dynamic evolving concept contributing to teachers’ self-perception about their professional roles. This qualitative study aimed to explore how different instructional settings of teaching English as a foreign language in Iran impacted on teachers’ professional identities in a comparative way. To this end, 25 English teachers from public schools and private institutes of Kerman were interviewed to collect data and to examine how teachers conceptualize themselves at schools and institutes. All 25 participants (13 school teachers and 12 institute teachers) had a BA degree in English. Data analysis revealed that teachers of public schools had comprehended, strong, and thick initial professional identity in comparison to those teaching in private institutes. However, such an ideal professional identity was more vulnerable to professional identity shock that resulted from the discrepancy between initial professional identity arisen from pre-service training programs and an emergent one derived from the identity-in-practice in class life. In terms of preparation to teach, the findings showed that the teachers of public schools had more extended viewpoints towards teaching and its significance. Moreover, they believed that their identity influenced the teaching profession while the institute teachers believed in teaching influence on their identity that provided evidence for the variable nature of teacher professional identity resulting from parallel interconnections of different macro and micro factors leading to its steady reinterpretation and reshaping. Keywords: dyna

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present a model of educational citizenship behavior among teachers. Methodology: The present study was applied in terms of purpose, in terms of data collection, Induction and exploration in terms of qualitative method with the data base method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all first grade High School teachers in the academic year of 2018-19 who were selected by snowball method. In this study, we interviewed 42 teachers and teachers from the northern provinces of the country who were interviewed from seventeen onwards, repeatedly on the received information, and after the twenty-four interviews, the data were completely duplicated and theoretically saturated, but to be sure of the interview. 42 continued. In-depth interviews started with questions about "Teacher Citizenship Behavior among Teachers" and the rest of the questions were based on the answers of the interviewee. In this study, systematic method (open coding, axial coding and selective coding) was used for data analysis. Findings: Data analysis based on content analysis and Grounded Theory method using data base theory showed that educational citizenship behavior in teachers was related to five components: economic needs, organizational justice, teacher organizational characteristics, education strategic plans, respect So we can base on these five factors. Developed a model of educational citizenship behavior in teachers. Conclusion: Teachers need mutual respect for power and social base. Teachers who have this need seek education, learning and teaching, and tend to have the learning environment under their control.

Purpose: Teacher competencies in the education system is among the most influential and important issues. This importance is rooted in the critical role of teachers in educating people in a society, because the more teachers are prepared and qualified, the greater their impact on upgrading the education system. Methodology: In this regard, upstream documents, as the most extensive strategic and guidance texts, have given much attention to the teacher competencies, with regard to their mission, including directing and drawing the ideal human and the pursuit of a pure life. This study was conducted aimed at presenting a model for the teacher competencies in elementary education based on upstream documents. For this purpose, three major activities were carried out. Initially, upstream documents were examined to identify the components and instances of the teacher competencies, and the opinions of experts in the field were also used. Then, the model of the teacher competencies was designed according to the extracted instances and components. The qualitative method was used in this study and documentary research method was also used to investigate the first question. Findings: In this method, all the upstream documents, including the document of fundamental transformation of education, the national document as well as the scientific documents and literature in this field, were carefully studied so that all explicit and implicit instances and components of teacher training are extracted. Moreover, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain the viewpoints of the experts in order to achieve the representing themes of competencies through content analysis. Discussion: Finally, the model of professional competencies was designed on the basis of the teacher competencies developed in the previous stages to examine the second question.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate teachers' experiences of social status. Methodology: The present study was conducted using descriptive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study included all the official teachers of education in the country in the academic year of 2018-19. The research sampling method was purposive and the data collection method was semi-structured interview. Accordingly, 14 teachers with at least 10 years of experience were interviewed. The selected teachers were from all over Iran and were not limited to a specific province. To analyze the data, the descriptive phenomenological method of Kliz, which has seven stages, was used. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that teachers' lived experiences of social status fall into three general dimensions: definition of social status, deterrence of social status and promotion of social status. The definition of social status from the teachers' point of view includes three central dimensions: social status as psychological need, social status as social status, and social status as class status. Deterrence of social status includes the following categories: teacher's imagery, inappropriate social imagery of the teacher, systematic discrimination, lack of professional identity, job gaps, lack of accountability and institutional support, sense of institutional inefficiency, media inefficiency, Weak trade union organization, professional inefficiency, and unequal power relations. Also promoting social status such as macro policy reform, institutional cohesion and cooperation, job identity development, professional empowerment, strengthening social authority, strengthening social authority, reforming managerial and organizational practices, strengthening teacher-centered participation, improving welfare facilities and Includes strengthening trade union organization. Conclusion: The social status of teachers is a cultural and social matter that finds meaning based on the context of teachers' activities.

Having witnessed the unprecedented prevalence of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, the present research was motivated to explore the challenges facing an EFL teacher throughout an online English course of intermediate level. To this aim, a process-tracing approach (Checkel, 2006) was employed to unravel the causal mechanisms involved in the beginning, middle, and end of the course. The results showed that deficient technological resources caused the greatest challenges throughout the course, especially in the initial and mid-sessions. Also, the two other causal categories, human and content resources, were at their peak at the beginning of the course and were no longer noticeable at the end of the course. The most troublesome challenges the teacher faced were platform limitations, internet connection, and human resources’ unpreparedness for online education. Furthermore, the teacher’s and most students’ technological knowledge, as well as their media literacy, increased by the end of the course, but some students’ rather slow adaptation to the sudden online environment challenged the teacher during the course. Finally, suggestions were made to prevent these challenges or handle them effectively upon occurrence, especially in developing countries, where the required infrastructure for online education is lacking, and the majority of teachers, students, and institutions might not be yet adequately prepared for the online mode of teaching and learning languages.

Research in ​​educational innovation has generally focused on teaching practices. Innovation in our society carries many identities. In the collective imagination, it refers to our own representation of what is new. In our research work, we have focused on identifying the factors of innovation in the field of qualifying secondary education. We used a questionnaire of 78 items, structured in 5 areas: the conditions, the moments, the reasons, the domains, and the objects of experimentation of the new actions in teaching-learning. This questionnaire is administered to a sample of 149 teachers. We proceeded by a descriptive and exploratory research of mixed qualitative and quantitative type) The results of which showed the existence of personal factors and those which are in relation to the context and the working conditions in educational establishments, and which are points of reflection on the logic of school innovation. We can deduce that an analysis of the relationships that teachers have with innovation opens heuristic perspectives in terms of research and training in education.

هدف از این پژوهش پیش بینی درگیری کاری معلمان بر اساس ساختار سازمانی با نقش میانجی پتانسیل انگیزشی شغلی در مدارس بشاگرد بود. جامعه پژوهش شامل کلیه معلمان مدارس بشاگرد (322) بود. 175 نفر از معلمان با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده به عنوان نمونه پژوهش و بررسی های تحقیق را تکمیل و برند. ابزار تحقیق شامل انواع ساختار سازمانی ترک زاده و محترم (2013)، نتیجه بالقوه انگیزش شغلی واگنر (1996) و درگیری کاری شاوفلی و باکرز (2003) بود که پس از ارزیابی پایایی و روایی آن را توزیع و جمع آوری کرد. نتایج نشان داد که ساختار سازمانی توانمندساز با نقش میانجی پتانسیل انگیزشی شغلی پیش بینی کننده مثبت و معنادار درگیری شغلی معلمان است. ولی، ساختار سازمانی مانع، پتان انگیزشی شغلی و درگیری کاری معلمان را پیش بینی نمی کند. علاوه بر این، از نظر معلمان، نوع ساختار غالب در مدارس بشاگرد مانع است. همچنین پتانسیل انگیزشی شغلی و درگیری کاری مدارس بشاگرد در حد متوسط ​​است. این پژوهش به سیستم های آموزشی آموزشی می کند تا با بهبود ساختار سازمانی توانمند در مدارس و نتایج در نتیجه ایجاد بسترهای انگیزشی بیشتر در بین آنها، زمینه توسعه کار معلمان را فراهم کند. در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد مدارس در سطح کلان مطرح می شود. نوع ساختار غالب در مدارس بشاگرد مانع است. همچنین پتانسیل انگیزشی شغلی و درگیری کاری مدارس بشاگرد در حد متوسط ​​است. این پژوهش به سیستم های آموزشی آموزشی کمک می کند تا با بهبود ساختار سازمانی توانمند در مدارس و نتایج در نتیجه ایجاد بسترهای انگیزشی بیشتر در بین آنها، زمینه توسعه کار معلمان را فراهم کنند. در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد مدارس در سطح کلان مطرح می شود. نوع ساختار غالب در مدارس بشاگرد مانع است. همچنین پتانسیل انگیزشی شغلی و درگیری کاری مدارس بشاگرد در حد متوسط ​​است. نتایج این پژوهش به مدیران نظام آموزشی کمک می کند تا با بهبود ساختار سازمانی توانمند در مدارس و در نتیجه ایجاد بسترهای انگیزشی بیشتر در بین آنها، زمینه توسعه مشارکت کاری معلمان را فراهم کنند. در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد مدارس در سطح کلان مطرح می شود. زمینه را برای توسعه مشارکت کاری معلمان فراهم می کند. در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد مدارس در سطح کلان مطرح می شود. زمینه را برای توسعه مشارکت کاری معلمان ارائه می کند. در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد مدارس در سطح کلان مطرح می شود.

Purpose: Learning is an important factor in life on which the survival and success of organizations depends. The purpose of this survey study is to investigate the causal relationships between the effective factors of participatory learning in primary schools in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The research is applied in terms of purpose.  Methodology: The participants of the study consisted of 35 experts who were selected by purposive sampling. A researcher-made pairwise comparison questionnaire consisting of 5 influential factors of student, teacher, school principal, school atmosphere, and curriculum was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by DEMATEL technique.  Findings: The results of the analysis based on ranking showed teacher factor at the top of ranking following with the student factor in the second rank; the third rank belonged to the school atmosphere factor, the curriculum factor was ranked fourth; the principal factor fifth. The results also showed that the teacher factor (R+J=23.91; R-J=0.35) had the most interaction (impact / influence) and then respectively, the student (R+J=23.87; R-J=-0.35), the school atmosphere (R+J=23.85; R-J=1.00), the curriculum (R+J=22.88; R-J=-0.71), and, the principal factors (R+J=22.53; R-J=-0.30) considered the most interacting of all. The school atmosphere (R=12.42) was the most influential factor on the other factors, then the teacher (R=12.13) was the next influential factor, which according to the R-J value of these two influential factors are pure. The most influential factors were the curriculum, the student and the principal, respectively.  Conclusion: According to the results, the content of textbooks should be written and compiled with a special focus on this method of teaching and learning. Also, new determining scales of the correct performance of participatory learning should be developed and used.

The main aim of this study this study was explaining the structural model of teacher's perception of school's social capital and teacher's psychological capital with their readiness for change in primary schools. The research statistical population was included all primary school teachers (17500) in Fars province, that 733 of them were selected as the research sample by using systematic sampling method. The research instruments were included three questionnaires: social capital, psychological capital and readiness for changing, which were distributed and collected after calculating validity (speciation analysis) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha). Research data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation's matrix and multivariate regression (structural equation model) and also Amos23 and Spss25 software. Findings showed that while the average dimension of social network was higher than the desired level, the rest of the dimensions of social capital and the average total of social capital was less than the desired level. The average of teacher’s psychological capital and all its dimensions was higher than desired. Examining the simultaneous role of social capital and psychological capital in predicting readiness for change, it was concluded that social capital loses its predictive power for readiness for changing (β= 0/07 & p= NS) and psychological capital have a positive and significant predictive power for readiness for change (β= 0/62 & p< 0/01). The output of this research can be use by managers, teachers and other staff in different domains to providing readiness ground for change by developing and strengthening the capacities of psychological capital.

Self-efficacy beliefs can be effective in teaching method and more creative managing classroom. Teacher self-efficacy and creativity are factors that can affect their organizational Silence.Because teacher silence is closely related to innovation and creativity, the quality of decision-making, effectiveness, and teacher’ morale;Thereforeidentifying the factors that cause it is very important.The aim of this study is applied research;and in terms of research method, it is a description of the type of correlation. The statistical population of this study is all primary school teachers in Joghatay city in Iran, whose numbers are equal to 360 people in the 2018-2019 educational year. 186 people were considered as the research by cluster random sampling method. The tools used in this study include the Scannan, Moran, and Wolfonk Self-Efficacy Questionnaire the Cronbach's alpha coefficientwas 0/85.The Randsip Creativity Questionnaire(2002) was also used to measure creativity the Cronbach's alpha coefficientwas 0/86.The Organizational Silence Questionnaire of Vacula and Borado (2005) also usedthe Cronbach's alpha coefficientwas0/93.Findings showed is asignificant relationship between self-efficacy with organizational silence and teachers' creativity.Self-efficacy has a positive and direct effect on organizational silence. In addition, silence also had a positive and direct effect on organizational creativity. The indirect effect of self-efficacy on creativity was also investigated.self-efficacy due to silence has an indirect and positive effect on teachers' creativity.

The current study explained the structural relationship between readiness for change, social capital, and teachers' tendency to participate. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and was a correlation type in descriptive-survey research. This study's statistical population includes all education teachers in Fars province in 2021-22, and 500 were selected using random class sampling. The research tool included three questionnaires on readiness for organizational change, the tendency to participate, and social capital, which were distributed and collected after calculating validity and reliability. This research showed 1) a positive and significant relationship between teachers' perception of social capital and teachers' tendency to participate and 2) a positive and significant relationship between teachers' readiness for change and their tendency to participate.  In addition, the simultaneous relationship between readiness for change and social capital with teachers' tendency to participate concluded that the variable of readiness for change is a positive and significant predictor of the tendency to participate, but social capital does not significantly predict the tendency to participate