Emotion regulation

This research intends to explore the efficacious English teachers’ goals and strategies to effectively manage their own as well as their students’ emotions. The data of the study included interviews with 22 English teachers and 92 diary journals kept by 12 teachers who were among the top 20% of ELTEI (ELT teacher efficacy instrument) scorers and identified as efficacious English teachers. The results indicated that teachers’ goals for regulating their positive emotions included maintaining authority in relation to students, presenting unbiased teacher character, and enhancing teaching effectiveness. For regulating negative emotions, the goals included maintaining the teacher and students’ mental health, promoting teacher-student relationships, and reinforcing the image of teachers as moral guides. Teachers also used a variety of antecedent-focused and response-focused strategies hierarchically for effective emotion management including situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. The findings were discussed with reference to the role of culture in emotion regulation and effectiveness of different sub-strategies. The results may promise some implications for teacher education programs and teacher educators about the inclusion of professional development opportunities for EFL teachers in terms of effective emotion management

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of yoga training with emotion regulation training on students' working memory and cognitive flexibility. The research methodology was quasi-experimental designed as pretest and posttest with control and follow-up groups. Entire second-grade female high schoolers in the 2nd District of Tehran, during 2018-19 academic year, constituted study’s statistical population, of whom 54 students were chosen using cluster random sampling method, and randomly assigned into three groups. The pretest of N-back and Denis and Wenderval’s cognitive flexibility (2010) was administered for all three groups; and then the experimental groups received yoga training and emotion regulation intervention and finally posttest was implemented followed by 4-week follow-up test. Data analysis used by analysis of variance with repeated measurements exhibited that, both trainings significantly resulted in an increase in components of Different recognition and recognition time of working memory and cognitive flexibility (p≤/001). Yoga training had more effect on the component of different recognition and psychological flexibility than on emotional regulation training (p≤/001), while the impact of both two interventions had not a significant difference on the component of recognition time.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to predict Predicting flourish in female adolescents by maternal character strengths: the mediating role of emotional regulation. Methodology: This was an applied study conducted based on a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of 3996 secondary high school students from Rey city during the academic year of 2018-2019. For sample size, a total of 350 students were chosen according to Kerjcie and Morgan’s table and using multi-stage cluster sampling. Research tools included an actualization questionnaire developed by Soleymani et al. (2015), Seligman and Peterson’s character strengths questionnaire (2004), and emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross and Jhon, 2003). The reliability of questionnaires was confirmed by professors and their credibility by Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.85). Data were analyzed through correlational tests and structural equations in Spss24 and Amos20. Findings: From the results, maternal character strengths directly (by a path coefficient of 0.65) and indirectly (through emotion regulation; with a Path coefficient of 0.21) influences girl’s actualization (p<0.001). Also, emotion regulation affects actualization with a Path coefficient of 0.58. Research variables predicted 51 % of the variance of secondary high school girl’s actualization (R2=0.51). Conclusion: Education and empowering character strengths, as well as regulating maternal emotions, improves girl’s actualization

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation in predicting high-risk behaviors mediated by the well-being of 14-17 year old girls in Saravan city. Methodology: This research was descriptive and correlational and was conducted by structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares approach. The statistical population included all 14 to 17 year old male students in Saravan in the academic year 2019-20, and 400 of them were selected by random sampling. The collection tools included questionnaires of prevalence of high-risk behaviors Zadeh محمدi (2008), cognitive emotion regulation of Garnefski et al. (2002). The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software and structural equation model by Lisrel software. Findings: Findings from Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant positive and negative correlation between the total score of high-risk behaviors with emotion regulation and school well-being at 99% confidence level, respectively, and the structural equation model shows the indirect effect of high-risk behaviors with emotion regulation with School welfare mediation was significant with a coefficient of 0.78, so it can be said that high-risk behaviors with emotion regulation have a significant relationship with school welfare mediation. Conclusion: According to the research results, the hypothesis that the level of high-risk behaviors in female adolescent students can be predicted based on emotional behaviors and mediation of school well-being was confirmed

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training on Aggression of students. The method of the present study was semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of eighth grade female students of the first secondary school in Baharestan city in Isfahan province in the academic year 2018-2019 (four schools). To select a sample, the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire were performed on all eighth-grade students of four schools and among the students who scored high in questionnaire, 30 were selected and randomly were placed in the experimental group (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Emotion regulation skills were taught to the experimental group during six sessions, then post-test was performed on the experimental and control groups. Data were analysed by univariate analysis of covariance as statistical method. Findings showed that the research hypothesis on the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training on aggression of students has been confirmed and the students in the experimental group compared to the students in the control group in post-test were significantly less aggressive. Therefore, it can be concluded that the emotion regulation skills training on aggression of students is effective.

Introduction: The present study aimed to examine a proposed model for the relationship between resilience and emotional reactions to failure, mediated by self-compassion and Emotion Regulation (ER) among martial artists. Materials and Methods: A total of 286 athletes (191 males & 95 females; Mean±SD age: 20.98±3.30 years) from different disciplines of martial arts (taekwondo, karate, Judo, & wushu) engaged in league championship participated in the study. Athletes completed the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. Results: The obtained results revealed that resilience has direct and indirect effects on emotional reactions to failure. Furthermore, self-compassion and maladaptive ER play a partial negative mediating role between resilience and emotional reactions to failure. However, the mediating role of adaptive ER was not significant. Conclusion: The study data predicted negative emotional reactions to failure based on resilience, mediated by self-compassion and ER among martial artists; thus, these data indicate the necessity of paying attention to the development of resilience in martial artists. This method emphasizes self-compassion and the reduction of maladaptive ER for better recovery of failure and reduces its effects.

Objective: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) was originally developed to treat individuals with pervasive emotion dysregulation. Then it developed its approach in other disorders such as obesity. This research aims to found out the efficacy of DBT in the reduction of negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and anger) with weight loss in obese women with different reasons for obesity. Methods: The population of this quasi-experimental study consisted of 56 obese women with a body mass index more than 29.9 kg/m2. Descriptive statistics were computed for demographic information and self-report questionnaire. Anger, Anxiety and,, Depression are three subscales of feelings that were tested by the 25 items of Emotional Eating Scale that was developed by Arnow, Kenardy and Agras in 1994. Results: The results demonstrated that negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and depression, significantly (ρ-value<0.001) decrease in obese women by weight loss during the time. Mixed-effect modeling ANOVA repeated measurements were performed to study changes in variables over time. Conclusions: The results of the present study show that DBT-skills can be effective in decreasing emotion dysregulations and Body Mass Index (BMI).

INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the adverse events occurring in people exposed to severe traumatic experiences, such as earthquakes. The devastating effects of such events and their associated losses are significantly higher in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on academic achievement with the moderating role of emotion regulation in earthquake-stricken adolescents with PTSD in Kermanshah. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted based on a pre- and post-test design with control and experimental groups. Among the students who were diagnosed with PTSD in Kermanshah earthquake, 48 cases were selected and assigned to the control and experimental groups. Data collection instruments were Captain's Log cognitive rehabilitation software, and motion Regulation Scale developed by Gratz and Roemer. Students' academic achievement was judged based on the scores obtained from end-of-semester transcripts and teachers' evaluations. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 26). FINDINGS: Based on the results, cognitive rehabilitation is effective in the academic achievement of students with PTSD (P<0.01). Moreover, emotion regulation can moderate the effect of this method on academic achievement (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the obtained results, cognitive rehabilitation can effectively strengthen cognitive abilities and components related to executive functions. In so doing, it enhances the educational performance of students with PTSD and brings them academic achievement.

Objective: One of the psychosocial damages that can shake the social, cultural, and family foundations of any society and threaten human abilities is the phenomenon of addiction. Drug use by family members has a significant impact on their lives and those around them, and the most critical effect of addiction is on the addicted spouse. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of family-based education based on the Islamic-Iranian model on emotion regulation and adaptability of addicts' Wives.   Methods: The present study is quasi-experimental and is a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all women with addicted Wives referred to the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Ardakan. A sample of 30 people was selected by the available sampling method and was divided into two experimental and control groups so that each group, there were 15 people. The samples were selected based on the criteria of interest to participate in the research, minimum primary education, age range between 22-50, family monogamy, and spouse addiction to drugs (not psychotropic substances). Each group underwent a pre-test, and then the experimental group received nine individual sessions (one and a half hours per week) of family-based training based on the Islamic-Iranian model. At the same time, the control group was not given any intervention. This study used emotion regulation questionnaires and Family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale. Results:  Analysis of covariance showed that family-centered education significantly affected the family adjustment of addicted Wives, while no significant effect was observed on emotion regulation. Conclusion: Family-oriented education based on the Islamic-Iranian model helps women to have less reactive behavior by modulating emotions and to be more adaptable to critical situations such as husband's addiction.

The study of marital satisfaction and its determining factors has always been of interest to researchers in the fields of Psychology and Social Sciences. The objective of the present study was to predict marital satisfaction based on social networks and body image in women who chose to have cosmetic surgery through the mediation of emotion regulation. The research methods were correlation and path analysis. The statistical population included all women who chose to have rhinoplasty in beauty clinics in districts 1 to 5 of Tehran in 2021. From among them, 150 women were selected through convenience sampling method. They filled out Olson’s (1998) Marital Satisfaction questionnaire, Mojaradi et al.’s (2014) Social Network questionnaire, Body Image questionnaire (1970) and John and Gross’ (2003) Emotion Regulation questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and path analysis were conducted using SPSS software (version 25) and PLS software (version 3), respectively. The results showed that the direct effects of body image on emotion regulation, emotion regulation on marital satisfaction, virtual social network on emotion regulation, and virtual social network on marital satisfaction were significant (p < 0.05). However, the direct effect of body image on marital satisfaction was not significant (p < 0.05). In addition, the indirect effect of body image mediated by emotion regulation on marital satisfaction, and that of virtual social network mediated by emotion regulation on marital satisfaction of women who chose to have cosmetic surgery were not significant (p < 0.05).

People with social anxiety face barriers to treatment under the pretext of avoiding interaction and the discomfort of self-disclosure. Using remote health services may be an alternative, but there is no research evidence on the effectiveness of Internet-based methods in social anxiety.Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive distortions and emotion regulation in adolescents with social anxiety.The present study was a field experiment. A total of 51 adolescents with social anxiety disorder were selected by cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to three face-to-face, Internet-based, and control therapy groups. Three groups were interviewed at the beginning and end of the study and answered the social anxiety screening questionnaire (SASA) Levpušček & Videc (2008 ), cognitive distortion questionnaire (CDQ) Beck and Wismann(1978), and emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) Jojn and Gross(2003).The two experimental groups underwent therapeutic intervention during ten weekly sessions.The results of ANKOVA analysis showed that both forms of intervention effectively reduced cognitive distortions, improved emotion regulation, and reduced symptoms of social anxiety.Also, the results of MANKOVA analysis showed that in the components of the need to please others and repression, face-to-face intervention only was effective.None of the intervention methods significantly affected the two components of success and perfectionism. In general, in all variables, the impact of the face-to-face intervention was greater than the Internet-based intervention.These results can support the use of Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with social anxiety disorder who, due to circumstances, are unable to benefit from face-to-face treatment

In this research, we investigated the mediating role of emotion regulation within the relationship between neuroticism and participation motivation. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 261 employees (98 males agerange = 18-60 years) belonging to Iran Oil Company participated and completed questionnaires of big five factors of personality (Costa and McGree, 1989), cognitive emotion regulation (Garnowski and Craig, 2006) and participation motivation (Gill et al., 1983). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results indicate that neuroticism has indirect effects on participation motivation through adaptive emotion regulation and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. The results suggest that emotion regulation strategies may be a significant mediator in the neuroticism- participation motivation link. One’s difficulty in regulating emotions might be an underlying mechanism through which high neuroticism decreases the participation motivation and health behavior. The study implies that the assessment of emotion regulation strategies should be included in interventional programs aimed at achieving employees’ sport participation.

Objective: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a pathological process in the coronary arteries that deserves special attention. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to predict the emotion regulation strategies, i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, adopted by patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) using reinforcement sensitivity components, namely Behavioral Approach System (BAS), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), fight, flight, and freeze. Methods: To this end, 322 patients with CHD were recruited from three medical centers in Tehran, Iran. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Jackson-5 scales of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory were administered to the patients, and the data were analyzed by regression analysis. Results: The results revealed that BAS significantly predicted cognitive reappraisal strategy and also made the strongest contribution to the explanation of expressive suppression strategy; furthermore, flight and freeze were both equally the second most significant predictors of expressive suppression. Conclusion: Therefore, the interaction between emotion regulation and reinforcement sensitivity components should be considered in patients with CHD. Keywords: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), emotion regulation, reinforcement sensitivity, patients, behavioral activation

Objective: Coronary Artery Disease is a chronic and complex disease requiring continuous medical care. The current study was conducted to for predicting Health-Related Quality of Life based on Emotion Regulation with mediating to Self-Care in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Methods: The research method was a descriptive study and correlation type. The statistical population comprised all patients with CAD (N=350) referring to Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in the second half of 2020. Based on the Tabachnick Fidell formula, 184 subjects were selected using a convenient sampling method. Research instruments were the Self-Care Scale (Jaarsma, Halfens, Tan & et al, 2003), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Garnefski & Graich, 2001), and HRQol Survey (Ware, Kosinski, Keller, 1996). Data analysis was done using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and path analysis. Results: The data indicated a positive and significant mediating role of self-care in the relationship between emotion regulation (β= 0.175, p<0.01) and HRQoL of patients with CAD. Moreover, self-care and emotion regulation had a positive impact on HRQoL. Conclusion: According to findings, a part of the mutual effect of self-efficacy and emotion regulation on HRQoL is explained by self-care. On the other hand, high emotion regulation, and self-care led to better HLQoL of CAD patients.

The present study examined the content and construct validity, and internal consistency of the Academic Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (AERQ) in the Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. The original scale was translated and back-translated between English and Persian. The content validity ratio (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) were then measured by a panel of 14 expert judges. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale were estimated by piloting it with 60 Iranian EFL learners. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha showed a satisfactory level of reliability. The AERQ was then administered to 346 English language learners (Mage = 19.34, SDage = 4.951). To explore the factorial structure of the 37 items of the questionnaire, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted. In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was run to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the AERQ’s measurement model. The results obtained from the modified measurement model showed an adequate fit of the data. In the modified version, two items (i.e., one item from suppression, and one from redirection of attention) were omitted due to low standardized loadings (< .50). The model fit indices also provided a reasonable model fit for the structural model. The internal consistency coefficients for the constructs were higher than the minimum value (α = .70). Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

  Subjective : Psychological problems are involved in many psychosomatic disorders. Gastric ulcer is also related to psychological problems as one of the psychosomatic disorders. This research was conducted with the aim of comparison of emotion regulation in gastric ulcer sufferers and non-sufferers. Methods : This research is descriptive and causal-comparative. 100 patients with gastric ulcer and referred to Imam Hussein Hospital in Tehran in 2022 were selected by convenience sampling method and compared with 100 of their companions who did not have gastric ulcer. Both groups responded to Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Data were analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS-21 software. Results : The findings showed that the total score of difficulties in emotion regulation and its subscales (non-acceptance of negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies, lack of emotional awareness, lack of emotional clarity) in patients with gastric ulcer is significantly higher than of non-afflicted people (P<0.001). Conclusion : According to this finding, it can be concluded that the difficulty in regulating emotions may play a role in gastric ulcers. It seems that patients with gastric ulcer are less able to identify and understand their emotions and less able to manage their emotions properly. Therefore, the accumulation of psychological pressure caused by negative emotions can cause their symptoms to appear or intensify.

Aim: Background: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a condition in which children display a pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and angry behavior toward people in authority. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the predictors of ODD among male teenagers in the city of Urmia, Iran. Methods: For this descriptive-analytical study, 384 male students between the ages of 13-16 were selected through cluster sampling. The instruments used comprised Hill Burns’ (1964) Affective Family Climate, Garnefski's Emotion Self-Regulation (2006), Cloninger’s (1994) Temperament and Character Inventory, and Achenbach’s (1991) Youth Self-Report questionnaires. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.19 using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s comparison, and regression at a significance level of p≤0.05 Results: The results showed a direct and significant correlation between emotion regulation and symptoms of ODD (0.19, p<0.01). A direct and significant relationship was also found between temperament and ODD symptoms (-0.20, p<0.01). Pearson’s correlation analyses revealed a meaningful relation between the family's emotional atmosphere and symptoms of ODD (-0.53, p<0.01). Furthermore, multiple linear regression models indicated that 39.9% of the variance of ODD is predicted by emotion regulation, family emotional atmosphere, and temperament. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems likely that ODD is influenced by emotion regulation, temperament, and affective family climate; to prevent the formation of this disorder, it is recommended that these three variables be addressed.

Educational self-efficacy and its relationship with learners' different psychological traits can have a tremendous effect on the success or failure of the students. Thus, the present research sought to investigate whether academic self-efficacy has an effect on the students' stress derived from the education expectations based on such mediating factor as the difficulty of emotion regulation. The research method was descriptive-correlational based on structural equations. The statistical population consisted of all 800 junior female high-school students, 9th grade, from 16 State schools in the third district of Tehran. To decide on the sample size according to the number of observed variables, assigning a coefficient of 25 for each (7 variables in the model), and taking the possibility of incomplete questionnaires into account, 200 people were chosen by cluster sampling method. The data were gathered using three questionnaires: self-efficacy (Jinks & Morgan, 1999), difficulty in emotion regulation (Gross & John, 2003), and educational expectation (Ang & Huan, 2006). Using the structural equation modelling, the data analysis revealed that educational self-efficacy and difficulty in emotion regulation had a direct and significant effect on the stress caused by educational expectations. Also, an indirect effect of educational self-efficacy with the mediation of difficulty in emotion regulation was captured and the research model was revealed to predict 63% of the stress variable due to educational expectations. The study revealed the importance of cognitive factors in explaining the stress caused by academic expectations.

Objective: Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic and debilitating digestive disorder that is more common in people with psychological disorders than in the general population. This study is aimed at the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the mitigating of chronic pain and cognitive-emotional regulation in patients with Irritable bowel syndrome. Method: This study investigates the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy on chronic pains and cognitive emotion regulation in patients with IBS. The research method is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and control group and a six-month follow-up. All patients with IBS who had presented to the Shariati Hospital of Tehran and Masoud Gastroenterology and Liver Clinic from autumn 2019 to winter 2020 comprised the statistical population. The sample size was 48 people selected by convenience sampling, then divided into an experimental group and a control group using a block randomization procedure (with each group containing 24). Chronic Pain Grade Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were the research tools provided to the two groups. However, the control group remained on the waiting list and received no interventions. The cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention was performed for the experimental group for eight 90-minute sessions. Descriptive statistics and Repeated Measures analyzed research data.Results: Findings indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy reduced chronic pain and increased cognitive regulation (p>0.01). This efficacy remained stable until a six-month follow-up (p>0.05).Conclusion: This finding can also be associated with reducing and improving cognitive emotion regulation within psychological interventions planning vision among patients with IBS, and thus have clinical usages.