assertiveness

Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to represent a conceptual model about the attitude towards the drug abuse based on assertiveness, psychological hardiness and emotional regulation in addicts. Methodology: The used method in this research was on the study and library base. In this research was paid attention to literature and the background about the research varieties and then a conceptual model was represented. Results: The addiction prevalent have well known that by making positive attitude towards drug and the spread of wrong belief in society they can achieve a good and beneficial market. So one of the general reason of addiction problem is the danger of manner in drug abuse and positive attitude to it and its effect. Accordingly the investigation of the attitude role on drug is an essential point in predicting and remedy of the addiction. In this research the effective factor in positive or negative attitude towards drug and addiction such as assertiveness, psychological hardiness and emotional regulation were discussed. The results show that the attitude has a direct and indirect influence on addictive behavior. Conclusion: Therefore, according to the assertiveness, psychological hardiness and emotional regulation, it can be possible to predict the attitude towards drug in addicts. So considering the research findings in predicting the drug abuse, it can be helpful to teach the individual.

Various studies suggest that it is important to determine students' personality charecteristics and assertiveness and make them aware of these differences in order to improve learning process and outcomes. This study aimed to find out how much of the variance in postgraduate students’ assertiveness is explained by five personality characteristics (i.e., Openness, Neuroticism, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) and which one of these characteristics significantly predicts the students’ assertiveness. To this end, 66 postgraduate students within the age range of 22 to 35 participated in this descriptive correlational study. They were majoring in English language teaching at Islamic Azad University,Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran. The College Self-expression Scale (CSES) and Big-Five Personality Inventory were used to assess the students’ level of assertiveness and their personality characteristics, respectively. In order to answer the research questions, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. The results revealed that about 14 percent of the postgraduate students’ assertiveness is explained by five personality characteristics and out of them, only Extroversion has a significant contribution to their assertiveness. The pedagogical implications are presented for teachers, students, syllabus designers, and materials writers.

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral play therapy and narrative therapy on aggression and assertiveness of students with an educable intellectual disability. This study followed a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The statistical population included all students with an educable intellectual disability enrolled in Tabriz elementary schools, of whom 45 male students were randomly assigned to two experimental and one control groups (15 per group) using convenience sampling. The Shahim Aggression Questionnaire for Elementary School Students (2006) and the Gmbryl and Ritchie’s Assertiveness Questionnaire (1975) were used to collect data. After the pre-test, one of the experimental groups received a play therapy program while the other group received narrative therapy. Afterward, all the groups sat for a post-test. Moreover, although the control group did not receive any therapy, they were required to participate in pre-and post-tests and complete the questionnaires. The covariance analysis revealed a significant difference in aggression and assertiveness between cognitive-behavioral play therapy, narrative therapy and the control groups (0.001). Narrative therapy was more effective at reducing aggression than cognitive-behavioral play therapy, with an effect size of 69%. Additionally, narrative therapy was more effective than play therapy at increasing assertiveness, with an effect size of 74%.  Thus, narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy can be used in conjunction to alleviate psychological problems in students with educable intellectual disabilities.