مطالب

In this article, we are going to examine the conceptual metaphor used in two types of Persian prose in the books of Dar al-Majanin and Kimya Saadat, and at the same time, we will have a look at the field of origin from both books and pay attention to the difference between the fields used in them. The aim of this research is to achieve a uniform pattern in the division of metaphors used in past and present texts.For this purpose, after studying the research background and theoretical studies of conceptual metaphor, ten percent of each first, middle and last part of each book was analyzed and the areas of origin and destination and mapping of conceptual metaphors were noted and placed in an Excel chart and by Excel The statistics of conceptual metaphors were calculated and displayed in a bar graph for easier viewing (it will be shown in the conclusion section), which from a total of 111 metaphors investigated in the Kimya Saadat and 81 metaphors in the book Dar al-Majanin, the statistics obtained are as follows. be: Kimya Saadat: Structural metaphor 42 - Hetocognitive metaphor 11 - Directional metaphor 1 Book of Dar al-Majanin: Structural metaphor 42 - Ontological metaphor 25 - Directional metaphor 2 The most frequently used metaphor frequency in both books was related to ontological metaphors, which were about 5242 and 2141 percent, respectively, and the lowest frequency was directional metaphors, which were 841 percent and 241 percent, respectively.

Adaptive shading devices offer architects a range of opportunities. These devices not only contribute to unique features and characteristics in building envelopes but, with appropriate design and principled implementation, also enhance visual conditions in interior spaces by providing sufficient levels of daylighting and improving visual comfort. Additionally, they reduce lighting energy consumption in buildings. This study examines four types of adaptive shading systems designed to optimize daylighting and visual comfort. Using a multi-objective optimization approach, various configurations of these systems are examined within the context of a reference office model to achieve a balance between the discussed objectives. For each season, the design alternatives with the highest fitness scores are identified. The findings highlight the relative advantages of horizontal louvers and horizontal sun-breakers over other shading devices. These two adaptive systems provide the reference model with satisfactory daylighting levels (i.e., ). Furthermore, regarding glare reduction, full visual comfort is achieved in spring and summer. In fall and winter, when sunlight entering through the southern façade is likely to produce glare, visual comfort is improved by approximately 43% compared to the base case.

Crisis conditions create ambiguous situations where individuals rely more on their understanding and previous experiences. In the context of politics, depending on a leader’s characteristics, his perceptions may influence and override other agents in policy-making during the crisis time. Many studies claim that leaders’ perceptions may change as they confront crisis, as they learn from critical situations. Based on empirical data regarding President Donald Trump’s operational beliefs and leadership characteristics, this paper examines the theoretical basis for the ways in which core beliefs resist change and learning. To answer the main question, the operational code of President Trump had been analyzed in three separate phases: the immediate pre-presidential phase, his three years in office prior to COVID-19 breakout, his last nine months in office during the crises. The results of this research may address several questions regarding the Trump political leadership and belief system by focusing on changes in the cognitive construct of the president.