مطالب

Purpose- The goal of this research is to identify institutional variables affecting entrepreneurship in Nesa rural Area in Karaj County.Design/methodology/approach-This is a fundamental, applied research that uses a descriptive survey method for data collection. The statistical population of the research comprises the residents of Nesa Rural district. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula (n = 216) and its distribution among the villages was proportional to the number of households in each village and the sampling was conducted using a simple random method. The research instrument is a researcher-designed questionnaire. In this research, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, and the partial least squares path analysis method was adopted to test the conceptual model of the research. The relationship between the variables was measured with the Pearson correlation test.Findings- The findings of the research on the state of entrepreneurship suggest that self-employment driven by a small family business approach, mostly without innovation, has been the predominant entrepreneurial activity in the study area. The results of the conceptual research model showed that the institutional variables of economic stability, transparency and accountability, and educational system and skills training have the most direct impact on the state of rural entrepreneurship. The analysis of fit indices of the model revealed that the coefficient of determination for the dependent variable of the rural entrepreneurial status was 0.683. Accordingly, the independent and mediating variables of the model can explain 68.3% of the variance in the rural entrepreneurial status, indicating the explanatory power of the model.Practical implications- The results of the research suggested that rural entrepreneurship is in a deplorable condition and despite the direct and indirect effects of institutional variables on rural entrepreneurship, institutional factors play a weak and inefficient role in rural areas. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of institutional factors such as political stability, enforcement of the rule of law among citizens, control of corruption, and payment of rewards in proportion to the endeavors and creativity of individuals to promote rural entrepreneurship.

Considering the expansion and increase of School Administration articles in the world scientific community, Reviewing and analyzing the literature in this area is the goal of this study. The study used a descriptive methodology. It includes all scientific articles indexed in the Science Direct citation database from 2000 to 2023. After filtering the papers, 2670 were examined using VOSviewer software to examine and show the data. The research findings indicate that the number of articles has increased since 2004, and The year with the highest percentage of pieces was 2023. Also, between journals with 2125 “Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences” 436 articles were ranked first. Also, 5 clusters were identified, and the subjects of leadership, education, professional development, higher education, teachers, school leadership, teacher education, and school improvement had diversity and as “education policy,” “job satisfaction,” “motivation," “development," “human capital” was the previous subjects of this field. This research concluded that areas such as; “COVID-19”, “teacher self-efficacy,” “technology integration,” accountability,” “and “professional learning community” were hot and new.

The study aimed to investigate effective accountability among public school administrators and identify a model for achieving it. A qualitative phenomenological research method was used, with an applied purpose. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 experts in the field of school principal accountability. Participants were selected using purpose-based sampling and saturation law principles. Qualitative data analysis involved three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, using stepwise methods and analytical techniques. Six inclusive themes emerged as constituting the effective response pattern of school administrators: financial dimension (major benefits, financial justification), moral dimension (moralism, education), cultural dimension (organizational culture, employee culture, culture society), administrative dimension (administrative structure, accountability process), strategic dimension (transformationism, responsive leadership), and educational dimension (organizational, individual). Overall, the study provides insight into how school administrators can be held accountable effectively.

Purpose: The present research was conducted with the aim of expressing the challenges of transformational leaders in schools.Method: The approach of the current research is qualitative and the strategy used is narrative research.The researched population was all school principals of Kermanshah city.Sampling was purposeful and 13 people were studied until reaching theoretical saturation. Data collection was semi-structured interview and document review. Validation in the present research was examined and confirmed based on the process of verifiability, transferability, believability and reliability.Findings: The analysis showed that the challenges of transformational leaders in schools include different aspects. The participants reflected the challenges in the form of challenges of different definitions and perceptions, the need for capabilities and competences, and finally structural challenges, and these results were drawn in three graphs. Challenges related to the definition and characteristics include the following: common goals, planning, creating a professional work team, creating change and transformation and inspiring employees. In the challenges related to the necessary competencies of transformational leaders, we also found five main categories including: scientific support, emotional support, clear and two-way communication, organizational foresight, creating a creative and dynamic environment.In the structural challenges faced by transformational leaders, we also found four categories including: organizational issues, individual issues, socio-cultural issues and lack of resources and facilities.

The purpose of this article is identification of factors which have significant effects on the perceived value of educational services by students’ parents in Iran educational system. Furthermore, we explore the role these factor play on the evaluation of educational services by parents. The statistical population of this study includes the parents of students of all secondary private schools in Tehran at the year 2021 and 800 parents were selected using random sampling. The research tool is a questionnaire with 62 statements which were identified using interviews by experts. We collected 300 questionnaires after calculating validity and reliability. We used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in order to extract factors with highest degree of determining power. Using four identified principal components, we run a linear regression for testing the significance of these factors. Our results show that all of four factors i.e. functional, social, emotional and epistemic value have significant impact on the perceived values by parents in Iran educational system.