مطالب

To strengthen and perpetuate the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, familiarity with its intellectual foundations and goals is essential. This article employs Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory to argue that before the Islamic Revolution, Iranian political discourse was centered around the idea of “Sultanism.” However, this dominant discourse was challenged by two intellectual realms: religious and intellectual. In religious thought, Imam Khomeini’s reinterpretation of the principle of Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) and his assertion of the incompatibility of Shiism with monarchy rendered his political discourse credible among opponents of Sultanism. In the intellectual domain, while leftist and liberal discourses lost credibility over time, the national-religious discourse of liberal intellectuals (the Freedom Movement) gained traction by better understanding the religious context, aligning with Khomeini’s religious discourse to undermine the neo-patrimonialist narrative. The findings indicate that Khomeini’s discourse, emphasizing social justice, support for the oppressed, and Islamic unity around Velayat-e Faqih, successfully replaced the Sultanism discourse, achieving a level of success that previous religious discourses had not attained.

Background: In the past few years, the increasing importance of the impact of exercise on physical and mental health has caused mobility wave around the world. Nevertheless, in Iran, a few people participate in physical activities. Aim: This study aimed to assess the reasons of nonparticipation in physical activity in Iran. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive and analytical approach conducted as a field study. The population of this research includes all people in Iran. Results: The results revealed that this factors are effective: three factors in individual characteristics variable (lack of sports skills, fatigue and impatience, fear of injury), four factors in inhibitor variable (lack of access to sports facilities and venues, poor quality of sports facilities and venues, being too busy, low income), four factors in environmental driving variable (lack of proper planning for sports, lack of awareness of the advantage of sport activities, feeling embarrassed after the loss, low number of exclusive sports facilities) and two factors in sports features variable (fear of winning and losing in sports, high intensity and duration of sport activities). Conclusion: Findings indicated that the environmental variable and inhibitor variable were more effective than two other variables, hence authorities and planners should pay more attention to these obstacles and problems with better management and provision of infrastructure facilities. These problems must be solved and strategies must be developed for promotion of sports in the country.

Purpose- Fish farming is an important source of Livelihood and nutrition for several people involved in fishing activities in Nigeria. This study aims to assess the Livelihood characteristics of the fish farmers in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approach- The study was carried-out in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. Ilorin is the Capital of Kwara State. The Research involved a 3-stage sampling procedure. The first stage involved a purposive selection of two (Ilorin East and Ilorin West) Local Government Areas in Ilorin due to the prevalence of fishing activities in the area. The second stage involved a purposive selection of five fishing settlements along the river bank in each of the two local Government Areas and the third stage involved the random selection of ten fish farmers within the fishing settlements. A total of 150 fish farmers were randomly selected for this research work. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage, and mean were employed to analyze the data. The questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection.Findings Findings: The findings showed that involvement in other income-generating activities (mean=3.81) was the highest-ranked financial asset. Owned/leased fish ponds (mean=3.51) was the highest-ranked physical asset. The ability to network with the extension agents/experts for fish production (mean=3.61) was the highest-ranked social asset. Physically fit to carry out the fish production activities (mean=3.73) was the highest-ranked human asset. Access to water for fish production (mean=3.70) was the highest-ranked natural asset. The overall Livelihood status of the fish farmers was High (mean=3.38).Originality/value: This study is important as it would provide up-to-date information on the livelihoods of fish farmers which would drive the governments’ policy and interventions towards the fish farmers in Nigeria.  Also, the Agricultural extension programme aimed to improve fish farmers’ livelihood outcomes in fish production in Kwara State, Nigeria should improve their skills and information on areas of need which include pond water treatment, construction, and maintenance were the leading information needed by fish farmers, and to help the fish farmers overcome the factors limiting their production.